Table 1.

Proposed and/or Tested Interventions to Prevent or Treat Frailty in Populations with or without HIV

Non-Pharmacologic Interventions	Pharmacologic Interventions
Unstructured physical activity and exercise Endurance training Strength training Higher intensity or high-intensity interval training	mTOR pathway Rapamycin
Nutritional Supplements Protein Obesity management	Sirtuin/NAD pathway Nicotinamide Resveratrol
Polypharmacy De-escalation Non-pharmacologic interventions when possible	Insulin-signaling/metabolic regulators Metformin Acarbose 17α-Estradiol Fibroblast growth factor 21
Reduce fall risk Balance training Physical therapy Medical de-escalation	Senolytics Dasatinib Quercetin Navitoclax
Evaluate/treat mood disorders and cognitive impairment	Testosterone
Multimodal approaches Combination of above interventions Geriatric consultative clinics Comprehensive geriatric assessment	Other therapies Antiretroviral therapy (for populations with HIV) Alfacalcidol Capromorelin Piroxicam Teriparatide Tesamorelin
Address social determinants of health that underlie risk of frailty and access to treatment and care for frailty-associated aging-related conditions Economic opportunity (e.g. income, employment, housing, food security) Educational opportunity Social and community factors (e.g. addressing precipitants of racial/ethnic disparities) Neighborhood and built environment Access to health/health care (e.g. health promotion, disease prevention and care)

mTOR, mechanistic target of rapamycin; NAD, Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)