Table 1.
Comparisons of demographics, clinical characteristics and laboratory examinations on admission within 72 h among the three groups.
| Total population (n = 196) | Without CI(n = 127) | Early CI (n = 49) | Late CI(n = 20) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 65.0 (56.0, 73.0) | 61.0 (49.0, 69.0) | 71.0 (66.0, 77.0)* | 69.0 (59.3, 72.8) | <0.001 |
| Gender | 0.458 | ||||
| Male, n (%) | 112 (57.1) | 70 (51.1) | 28 (57.1) | 14 (70.0) | |
| Female, n (%) | 84 (42.9) | 57 (44.9) | 21 (42.9) | 6 (30.0) | |
| Smoking, n (%) | 22 (11.2) | 16 (12.6) | 5 (10.2) | 1 (5.0) | 0.537 |
| Vital signs | |||||
| Temperature (°C) | 38.0 (36.7, 38.7) | 38.0 (36.7, 38.7) | 37.9 (36.7, 38.5) | 38.9 (38.1, 39.5)*# | 0.004 |
| Respiratory rate (breaths/min) | 20.0 (20.0, 25.0) | 20.0 (20.0, 24.0) | 23.0 (20.0, 30.0)* | 22.0 (20.0, 25.0) | 0.008 |
| Heart rate (bpm) | 89.0 (80.0, 101.0) | 87.0 (80.0, 98.0) | 95.0 (81.0, 110.5) | 92.0 (83.0, 106.5) | 0.068 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 133.6 ± 19.9 | 132.7 ± 18.8 | 135.3 ± 22.6 | 135.5 ± 20.7 | 0.547 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 80.4 ± 13.1 | 81.3 ± 12.0 | 78.7 ± 15.5 | 79.0 ± 18.8 | 0.182 |
| Mean arterial pressure (mmHg) | 98.2 ± 13.9 | 98.4 ± 12.9 | 97.6 ± 16.2 | 98.6 ± 15.0 | 0.806 |
| SpO2 (%) | 97.0 (94.0, 99.0) | 98.0 (95.0, 99.0) | 95.0 (89.5, 98.0)* | 94.0 (87.5, 98.0)* | <0.001 |
| Common initial symptoms | |||||
| Fever, n (%) | 151 (77.0) | 101 (79.5) | 33 (67.3) | 17 (85.0) | 0.162 |
| Cough, n (%) | 113 (57.7) | 78 (61.4) | 23 (46.9) | 12 (60.0) | 0.214 |
| Fatigue, n (%) | 89 (45.4) | 52 (40.9) | 28 (57.1) | 9 (45.0) | 0.154 |
| Dyspnea, n (%) | 87 (44.4) | 50 (39.4) | 29 (59.2) | 8 (40.0) | 0.055 |
| Chest tightness/chest pain, n (%) | 75 (38.3) | 50 (39.4) | 17 (34.7) | 8 (40.0) | 0.837 |
| Diarrhea, n (%) | 21 (10.7) | 17 (13.4) | 4 (8.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0.056 |
| Headache, n (%) | 11 (5.6) | 8 (6.3) | 2 (4.1) | 1 (5.0) | 0.893 |
| Coma, n (%) | 9 (4.6) | 2 (1.6) | 6 (12.2)* | 1 (5.0) | 0.011 |
| Comorbidities | |||||
| Hypertension, n (%) | 87 (44.4) | 48 (37.8) | 30 (61.2)* | 9 (45.0) | 0.020 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 29 (14.8) | 14 (11.0) | 10 (20.4) | 5 (25.0) | 0.130 |
| Cardiac disease, n (%) | 32 (16.3) | 12 (9.4) | 16 (32.7)* | 4 (20.0) | 0.001 |
| Cerebral infarction, n (%) | 15 (7.7) | 7 (5.5) | 6 (12.2) | 2 (10.0) | 0.234 |
| Malignancy, n (%) | 9 (4.6) | 5 (3.9) | 2 (4.1) | 2 (10.0) | 0.417 |
| Chronic liver disease, n (%) | 4 (2.0) | 1 (0.8) | 1 (2.0) | 2 (10.0)* | 0.037 |
| Chronic kidney disease, n (%) | 6 (3.1) | 2 (1.6) | 4 (8.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0.056 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, n (%) | 8 (4.1) | 3 (2.4) | 4 (8.2) | 1 (5.0) | 0.173 |
| Symptom onset to hospital admission (days) | 14.0 (8.0, 20.0) | 15.0 (10.0, 21.0) | 10.0 (5.0, 14.5)* | 10.0 (7.0, 15.0)* | <0.001 |
| Laboratory findings on admission (within 72 h) | |||||
| White blood cells ( ×109/L) | 7.0 (5.5, 9.2) 195/196 | 6.4 (5.2, 7.9) 126/127 | 8.9 (6.8, 10.9)* 49/49 | 7.0 (5.2, 9.6) 20/20 | <0.001 |
| Lymphocyte (%) | 15.9 (7.4, 25.9) 195/196 | 22.1 (13.8, 29.3) 126/127 | 6.6 (4.6, 15.9)* 49/49 | 10.4 (6.0, 17.4)* 20/20 | <0.001 |
| Neutrophil ( ×109/L) | 5.3 (3.7, 7.4) 195/196 | 4.3 (3.1, 6.0) 126/127 | 7.2 (5.9, 10.1)* 49/49 | 5.8 (4.5, 7.7) 20/20 | <0.001 |
| Platelets ( ×109/L) | 205.0 (152.0, 262.0) 195/196 | 214.0 (174.5, 273.5) 126/127 | 179.0 (117.5, 262.5)* 49/49 | 167.5 (108.5, 245.0) 20/20 | 0.008 |
| Hemoglobin (g/L) | 124.0 (112.0, 135.0) 195/196 | 125.0 (110.8, 135.3) 126/127 | 121.0 (101.0, 135.0) 49/49 | 128.5 (116.3, 133.3) 20/20 | 0.452 |
| CRP (mg/L) | 32.0 (3.4, 75.9) 195/196 | 6.5 (1.9, 55.2) 126/127 | 62.4 (36.3, 109.9)* 49/49 | 71.0 (33.8, 114.6)* 20/20 | <0.001 |
| PCT (ng/ml) | 0.11 (0.05, 0.24) 176/196 | 0.06 (0.04, 0.12) 114/127 | 0.40 (0.14, 0.60)* 42/49 | 0.15 (0.11, 0.28)* 20/20 | <0.001 |
| Coagulation function index | |||||
| D-dimer (μg/mL) | 1.11 (0.35, 4.27) 186/196 | 0.75 (0.29, 2.39) 120/127 | 2.73 (1.28, 8.00)* 46/49 | 1.05 (0.46, 6.35) 20/20 | <0.001 |
| PT (s) | 13.4 (12.6, 14.3) 186/196 | 13.1 (12.4, 14.0) 120/127 | 14.2 (13.2, 15.1)* 46/49 | 13.5 (13.0, 14.2) 20/20 | <0.001 |
| APTT (s) | 37.4 (33.1, 42.2) 186/196 | 36.0 (32.5, 39.9) 120/127 | 38.7 (33.9, 44.9) 46/49 | 38.1 (32.4, 44.1) 20/20 | 0.274 |
| Liver function index | |||||
| Total protein (g/L) | 64.1 (58.9, 67.6) 196/196 | 64.4 (58.8, 67.7) 127/127 | 60.7 (56.2, 64.5)* 49/49 | 62.1 (60.0, 66.8) 20/20 | 0.002 |
| Albumin (g/L) | 31.7 (26.8, 37.4) 196/196 | 32.1 (27.3, 37.7) 127/127 | 28.2 (24.4, 32.1)* 49/49 | 27.4 (25.3, 31.8)* 20/20 | <0.001 |
| AST (U/L) | 31.5 (23.0, 48.0) 196/196 | 28.0 (20.0, 43.0) 127/127 | 39.0 (29.0, 59.5)* 49/49 | 47.0 (33.8, 76.8)* 20/20 | <0.001 |
| ALT (U/L) | 36.0 (23.0, 54.8) 196/196 | 32.5 (21.0, 50.0) 127/127 | 38.0 (23.0, 56.5) 49/49 | 38.5 (30.3, 78.8) 20/20 | 0.262 |
| Total bilirubin (μmol/L) | 11.2 (8.7, 16.9) 196/196 | 10.9 (8.3, 15.2) 127/127 | 14.2 (9.9, 21.3) 49/49 | 10.5 (7.8, 18.7) 20/20 | 0.110 |
| Direct bilirubin (μmol/L) | 3.8 (2.7, 5.6) 196/196 | 3.4 (2.5, 5.1) 127/127 | 4.8 (3.2, 7.6)* 49/49 | 4.3 (2.7, 5.9) 20/20 | 0.003 |
| LDH (U/L) | 250.5 (182.3, 403.0) 196/196 | 227.0 (174.3, 352.5) 127/127 | 388.0 (250.0, 597.0)* 49/49 | 492.0 (320.0, 665.3)* 20/20 | <0.001 |
| Kidney function index | |||||
| BUN (mmol/L) | 5.2 (4.1, 7.3) 196/196 | 4.8 (3.7, 6.3) 127/127 | 7.0 (5.0, 11.2)* 49/49 | 5.7 (4.1, 7.5) 20/20 | <0.001 |
| Serum creatinine (μmol/L) | 68.4 (56.4, 82.5) 196/196 | 64.3 (54.4, 75.2) 127/127 | 75.3 (61.4, 98.1)* 49/49 | 68.6 (62.5, 82.2) 20/20 | 0.008 |
| K+ (mmol/L) | 4.0 (3.5, 4.3) 195/196 | 3.9 (3.5, 4.2) 126/127 | 4.0 (3.5, 4.4) 49/49 | 4.0 (3.5, 4.6) 20/20 | 0.427 |
| Na+ (mmol/L) | 138.9 (136.9, 141.1) 195/196 | 139.0 (137.3, 141.2) 126/127 | 139.9 (136.1, 144.0) 49/49 | 138.8 (135.8, 140.5) 20/20 | 0.558 |
| Cardiac injury index | |||||
| hs-TNI (ng/L) | 8.3 (2.7, 27.0) 196/196 | 3.9 (2.0, 9.8) 127/127 | 86.4 (44.9, 378.8)* 49/49 | 10.8 (7.5, 16.2)*# 20/58 | <0.001 |
| CK-MB (U/L) | 12.0 (10.0, 17.0) 170/196 | 11.0 (9.0, 15.0) 108/127 | 16.0 (10.0, 26.3)* 42/49 | 16.0 (10.3, 21.8)* 20/20 | <0.001 |
| BNP (pg/ml) | 40.7 (15.0, 128.0) 152/196 | 30.1 (10.5, 84.1) 91/127 | 153.4 (46.0, 431.6)* 44/49 | 40.6 (22.9, 122.4)# 17/20 | <0.001 |
| Treatments on admission (within 72 h) | |||||
| Antiviral therapy, n (%) | 147 (75.0) | 94 (74.0) | 36 (73.5) | 17 (85.0) | 0.551 |
| Antibiotic therapy, n (%) | 107 (54.6) | 61 (48.0) | 31 (63.3) | 15 (75.0) | 0.235 |
| Glucocorticoid therapy, n (%) | 49 (25.0) | 24 (18.9) | 19 (38.8)* | 6 (30.0) | 0.021 |
| Immunoglobulin, n (%) | 21 (10.7) | 10 (7.9) | 6 (12.2) | 5 (25.0) | 0.104 |
| ACEI/ARB, n (%) | 8 (4.1) | 4 (3.1) | 4 (8.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0.258 |
| Oxygen therapy, n (%) | 132 (67.3) | 73 (57.5) | 42 (85.7)* | 17 (85.0) | <0.001 |
| High-flow oxygen, n (%) | 73 (37.2) | 23 (18.1) | 34 (69.4)* | 16 (80.0)* | <0.001 |
| IMV, n (%) | 6 (3.1) | 1 (0.8) | 2 (4.1) | 3 (15.0)* | 0.005 |
| NIMV, n (%) | 7 (3.6) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (8.2)* | 3 (15.0)* | <0.001 |
| ICU transfer, n (%) | 7 (3.6) | 1 (0.8) | 5 (10.2)* | 1 (5.0) | 0.007 |
*
P < 0.05, vs. without CI;
#
P < 0.05, vs. early CI; ACE-I, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; APTT, activated partial thromboplastin time; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blockers; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BNP, B-type natriuretic peptide; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; CI, cardiac injury; CK-MB, creatine kinase muscle-brain; CRP, C-reactive protein; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; hs-TNI, hypersensitive troponin I; ICU, intensive care unit; IMV, invasive mechanical ventilation; IQR, interquartile range; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; NIMV, non-invasive mechanical ventilation; PCT, procalcitonin; PT, prothrombin time; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SD, standard deviation.