Figure 3.
Gut microbiota in cancer immunotherapy. Translocation of Burkholderiales and Bacteroidales, enhances antitumor immunity of anti–cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (anti-CTLA-4). The antitumor effect of anti–PD-1/PD-L1 therapy enhanced by the preexisting antitumor immunity that is particularly effective in mice harboring intestinal Bifidobacterium spp and Akkermansia mucinphila.