Fig. 2.

Oral exposure to SiO₂NPs led to spatial learning and memory impairment and locomotor inhibition. After indicated treatment, Morris water maze and open filed test were used to evaluate the spatial learning and memory function and locomotor activity of mice, respectively. Effects of SiO₂NPs on the escape latency were shown in (A). B Effects of SiO₂NPs on the swim distance. C Effects of SiO₂NPs on the number of platform crossings. D Effects of SiO₂NPs on the time spent in target quadrant. E Effects of SiO₂NPs on the swimming speed. F Representative track maps of vehicle mice and SiO₂NPs-treated mice in the place navigation trial and spatial probe trial. G Effects of SiO₂NPs on the total distance in the open field test. H Effects of SiO₂NPs on the central square duration. I Effects of SiO₂NPs on the distance moved in the center. J Representative track maps of two groups in the open field test. Data were shown as mean ± S.E.M. Statistical analysis was conducted by using repeated-measure ANOVA or independent student-t test or Mann–Whitney test. Asterisk * indicated P < 0.05