Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of study population.
| Characteristics | Deceased (N=426) | Alive (N=1779) | P-Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (year) | 67.89 ± 15.88 | 60.38 ± 18.77 | <0.001 a |
| Gender (Male) | 232 (54.4%) | 944 (53%) | 0.62 b |
| Transfer by EMS | 244(57.3%) | 775(43.5%) | <0.001b |
| Clinical parameters | |||
| Temperature (0C) | 37.22 ± 0.83 | 37.26 ± 0.80 | 0.32 a |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 120.62±29.35 | 128.2±26.55 | <0.001 a |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 74.58±18.13 | 78.18±16.25 | <0.001 a |
| MAP (mmHg) | 89.92 ± 20.84 | 94.85 ± 18.43 | <0.001 a |
| Pulse Rate (beats/min) | 100.18 ± 21.66 | 93.09 ± 19.53 | <0.001 a |
| Respiratory Rate (per min) | 22.08 ± 7.22 | 19.82 ± 5.24 | <0.001 a |
| Peripheral oxygen saturation (%) | 90.45±6.93 | 94.72±5.14 | <0.001 a |
| Abnormal ECG | 48(11.26%) | 65(3.6%) | <0.001b |
| Ventilation support | 93 (21.8%) | 30 (1.68%) | <0.001b |
| Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) | 13.51 ± 2.15 | 14.64 ± 1.00 | <0.001 a |
| Coma without intoxication or overdose | 23 (5.3%) | 10 (0.56%) | <0.001b |
| Altered mental status without coma | 145 (34.03%) | 177 (9.94%) | <0.001b |
| AVPU | |||
| -Alert | 258 (60.5%) | 1592(89%) | <0.001c |
| -Voice Responsive | 119 (27.9%) | 160 (8.9%) | |
| -Pain Responsive | 26 (6.1%) | 17 (1%) | |
| -Unconscious | 23 (5.39%) | 10 (0.5%) | |
| Unable to stand unaided | 59 (13.84%) | 127 (7.13%) | <0.001b |
| Diabetes | 114 (26.7%) | 444 (24.9%) | 0.457 b |
| New stroke on presentation | 16 (3.75%) | 23 (1.29 %) | <0.001b |
| Breathless on presentation | 5 (1.17%) | 15 (0.84%) | 0.567 b |
| Laboratory parameters | |||
| Urea (mg/dL) | 113.18 ± 90.99 | 66.54 ± 59.68 | <0.001 a |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 2.50 ± 2.53 | 1.94 ± 2.34 | <0.001 a |
| Sodium (mEq/L) | 136.16 ± 8.08 | 136.59 ± 6.30 | 0.3 a |
| Potassium (mEq/L) | 4.58 ± 1.17 | 4.29 ± 0.88 | <0.001 a |
| Albumin (gr/dL) | 3.27 ± 0.67 | 3.61 ± 0.55 | <0.001 a |
| White Blood Cell (109/L) | 14.05 ± 13.18 | 11.38 ± 13.92 | <0.001 a |
| Hemoglobin (gr/dL) | 11.76±5.61 | 12.11±11.73 | 0.558 |
| Platelet (109/L) | 206.45 ± 143.14 | 226.93 ± 130.44 | 0.01 a |
| ED Risk scores | |||
| SCS | 6.71±3.53 | 4.08±3.02 | <0.001 a |
| WPS | 4.52±2.66 | 2.44±2.07 | <0.001 a |
| RASP | 2.64±2.15 | 1.47±1.67 | <0.001 a |
| REMS | 7.79±3.48 | 5.48±3.37 | <0.001 a |
| MEWS | 3.53±2.65 | 1.84±2.10 | <0.001 a |
| RLD | 145.73±91.7 | 105.53±60.57 | <0.001 a |
Values are presented as mean ± SD or N (%)
Abbreviations: ESI Emergency Severity Index, FiO2 Fraction of inspired oxygen, PCO2 Partial pressure of carbon dioxide, HCO3 Bicarbonate, MAP Mean arterial pressure, GCS Glasgow Coma Scale, EMS Emergency medical services, SCS Simple Clinical Score, WPS Worthing Physiological Score, RAPS Rapid Acute Physiology Score, REMS Rapid Emergency Medicine Score, MEWS Modified Early Warning Score, RLD Routine Laboratory Data
a Analysis by independent-samples t test. b Analysis by Fisher's exact test. c Analysis by Chi-square test