TABLE 1.

Ongoing clinical trials of several plants, functional foods, and plant based products including bioactive phytocompounds, traditional medicines, nutraceuticals and similar other preparations against SARS-CoV-2 infection.

No	Drugs	Therapy type	Phase	Participant numbers	Intervention	Outcomes	ClinicalTrials. Gov Identifier	References
1	Fuzheng Huayu Tablet	Primary therapy	Phase II	160 participants	0.4 g/tablet, 1.6 g/time, 3 times/day	The improvement proportion of pulmonary fibrosis, Blood oxygen saturation, Clinical symptom score, The 6-min walk distance	NCT04279197	NCT04279197 (2020)
2	Natural honey	Adjuvant therapy	Phase III	1,000 participants	Natural honey supplement 1 gm/kg/day divided into 2–3 doses for 14 days	Rate of recovery from positive to negative swaps, fever to normal temperature in days, Resolution of lung inflammation in CT or X ray, 30 days mortality rate, number of days till reaching negative swab results	NCT04323345	NCT04323345 (2020)
3	Anluohuaxian	Primary therapy	Not applicable	750 participants	Six grams each time, twice a day	Changes in high-resolution computer tomography of the lung, Change in 6-min walking distance, Changes in vital capacity of the lung	NCT04334265	NCT04334265 (2020)
4	Escin	Adjuvant therapy	Phase II, Phase III	120 participants	Oral admisntration of standard therapy and Escin tablet for 12 days (40 mg thrice a day)	Determination of mortality rate, the differences in oxygen intake methods, time of hospitalization (days), time of hospitalization in intensive care units, pulmonary function	NCT04322344	NCT04322344 (2020)
5	Caesalpinia spinosa (Molina) Kuntze extract (P2Et)	Adjuvant therapy	Phase II, Phase III	100 participants	P2Et active extract capsule equivalent to 250 mg of P2Et every 12 h for 14 days + Standard care	The efficacy of P2Et in reducing the length of hospital stay of patients with clinical suspicion or confirmed case of COVID-19	NCT04410510	NCT04410510 (2020)
	(Fabaceae)
6	Nigella sativa L. (Ranunculaceae)	Primary therapy	Phase II	200 participants	Nigella sativa	Determination of proportion of patients who are clinically recovered, normalization of chest radiograph, rate of complications	NCT04401202	NCT04401202 (2020)
					Black seed oil in 500 mg capsules
7	Essential oil	Primary therapy	Not applicable	65 participants	Essential oil Blend	Determination of State Trait Anxiety Scale (STAI-S) at 15 min	NCT04495842	NCT04495842 (2020)
					5 drops of on a tester strip
8	Plant polyphenol	Primary therapy	Phase II	200 participants	Both plant polyphenols and placebo is introduced individually along with vitamin D3 10,000 IU	Reduction rate of hospitalization at 21 days from enrollment	NCT04400890	NCT04400890 (2020)
9	Silymarin	Adjuvant therapy	Phase III	50 participants	Silymarin oral 420 mg/day in 3 divided doses	Time to clinical improvement, clinical outcome, duration of mechanical ventilation, hospitalization, virologic response	NCT04394208	NCT04394208 (2020)
10	ArtemiC (curcumin, artemisinin, vitamin C, and Boswellia serrata)	Adjuvant therapy	Phase II	50 participants	ArtemiC will be sprayed orally twice a day for the first 2 days in the treatment period	Time to clinical improvement, Time to negative COVID-19 PCR	NCT04382040	NCT04382040 (2020)
11	Medicinal cannabis (Cannabis sativa L. from Cannabaceae family)	Primary therapy	Phase II	200,000 participants	Cannabis, medical	Treatment of COVID-19, treatment of symptoms	NCT03944447	NCT03944447 (2020)
12	Jing-Guan-Fang (JGF)	Primary therapy	Not applicable	300 participants	Jing-Guan-Fang (JGF)	The number of COVID-19 patients after this preventive treatment	NCT04388644	NCT04388644 (2020)
13	Licorice extract	Adjuvant therapy	Not applicable	70 participants	Licorice capsules; 250 mg standardized extract (25% Glycyrrhizin—62.5 mg) for 10 days	Increased number of people recovering from COVID-19	NCT04487964	NCT04487964 (2020)
14	Iota-Carrageenan	Primary therapy	Phase IV	400 participants	A nasal spray with Iota-Carrageenan or placebo 4 times a day	Progression to a more severe disease state, defined as need for oxygen therapy, lasting of disease, incidence of COVID-19 disease onset in the first week after treatment	NCT04521322	NCT04521322 (2020)
15	Acai palm berry extract (Euterpe oleracea Mart. from Arecaceae family)	Primary therapy	Phase II	480 participants	One capsule (520 mg) of Açaí Palm Berry every 8 h for a total of 3 capsules a day for 30 days	7-point ordinal symptom scale, need for mechanical ventilation, need for hospitalization	NCT04404218	NCT04404218 (2020)
16	QuadraMune™ (Composed of four natural ingredients)	Primary therapy	Not applicable	500 participants	Two pills of QuadraMune (TM) daily for 12 weeks	Prevention of COVID-19	NCT04421391	NCT04421391 (2020)
17	Phenolic monoterpenes + colchicine	Adjuvant therapy	Phase II	200 participants	Colchicine along with phenolic monoterpenes added to standard treatment in patients with COVID-19 infection	Improvement in clinical, radiological and laboratory manifestations will be estimated in treated group compared to control one	NCT04392141	NCT04392141 (2020)
18	Cannabidol	Primary therapy	Phase I, Phase II	400 participants	Oral administration of Cannabidiol (150 mg twice daily) for 14 days	Evaluation of the impact of Cannabidol on the cytokine profile with severe and critically COVID-19 infected people along with safety and efficacy profile	NCT04731116	NCT04731116 (2020)
19	Resistant	Primary therapy	Phase II, Phase III	1,500 participants	Twenty grams for 14 days in a twice daily pattern where nonresistant starch was used in the same amount as placebo	Determination of hospitalization rate for COVID-19 associated complications	NCT04342689	NCT04342689 (2020)
	Starch
20	Colchicine	Adjuvant therapy	Phase III	102 participants	An preliminary dose of 1.5 mg followed by 0.5 mg twice daily during the next 7 days and 0.5 mg once daily until the completion of 14 days treatment	Assessment of changes in the patients' clinical status through the 7 points ordinal scale WHO R&D Blueprint expert group along with IL-6 concentrations	NCT04667780	NCT04667780 (2020)
		Primary therapy	Phase II	70 participants	Initial dose of 1.2 mg followed by 0.6 mg after 2 h on day 1. After that 0.6 mg of two doses up to 14th day	Assessment of decreased risk of progression into ARDS requiring upraised oxygen needs, mechanical ventilation and mortality	NCT04363437	NCT04363437 (2020)
21	Special Chinese medicine	Primary therapy	Not applicable	150 participants	Lung and spleen qi deficiency syndrome: 9 g French pinellia (Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Makino from Araceae family), 10 g chenpi (Citrus aurantium L. from Rutaceae family), 15 g Codonopsis (Codonopsis pilosula (Franch.) Nannf. from Campanulaceae family), 30 g sunburn astragalus (Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bunge from Fabaceae family), 6 g Amomum villosum Lour. from Zingiberaceae family, and Licorice 6 g etc.	Assessment of changes in CM diagnostic pattern & clinical characteristics along with body constitution scores	NCT04544605	NCT04544605 (2020)
					Qi and Yin deficiency syndrome: root of Salviae miltiorrhizae Bunge 10 g, [Lamiaceae; North and south radix salviae], 15 g Ophiopogon japonicus (Thunb.) Ker Gawl. from Asparagaceae family, 6 g American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L. from family Araliaceae family), 6 g Schisandra (Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. from Schisandraceae family), 6 g gypsum l5 g, 10 g light bamboo leaves (Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. from Poaceae family), 10 g mulberry leaves (Morus alba L. from Moraceae family), 15 g reed root (Ceanothus americanus L. from Ramnaceae family), 15 g Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge from Lamiaceae family, 6 g raw liquorice etc.
22	Nicotine	Primary therapy	Phase III	1,633 participants	3.5 mg: day 1 to day 3	Determination of COVID-19 seroconversion between week o and week 19 after randomization	NCT04583410	NCT04583410 (2020)
					Seven milligrams: day 4 to day 9
					10.5 mg: day 10 to day 15 14 mg: day 16 to day 98
					10.5 mg: Day 99 to day 105
					Seven milligrams: day 106 to day 112
					3.5 mg: day 113 to day 119
					As Nicotine patch
		Primary therapy	Phase III	220 participants	0.5 patch for day 1 and day 2, 1 patch for day 3 and day 4, 1.5 patches for day 5 and day 6 where 2 patches from day 7 to the day discharge from hospital where one patch contains 7 mg nicotine	Determination of any he unfavorable outcome on day 14	NCT04608201	NCT04608201 (2020)
		Primary therapy	Phase III	220 participants	Two patches of 7 mg/day Treatment at 14 mg/day during mechanical ventilation since after first successful extubation followed by dose decrement	Determination of inhibition of the penetration and propagation of SARS-CoV2 by nicotine	NCT04598594	NCT04598594 (2020)
23	Hesperidin	Primary therapy	Phase II	216 participants	Capsules containing 0.5 gm of hesperidin in the evening and at bed time with water	Determination of proportion of subjects with COVID-19 symptoms	NCT04715932	NCT04715932 (2020)
24	Resveratrol + Zinc	Primary therapy	Phase II	60 participants	2 grams of resveratrol twice a day + Zinc picolinate 50 mg for thrice a day for 5 days	Assessment of reduction of COVID-19 viral load and its severity	NCT04542993	NCT04542993 (2020)
25	Melatonin	Primary therapy	Phase II	30 participants	Ten milligrams thrice a day dose day for 14 days	Determination of cumulative incidence of treatment-emergent adverse effects	NCT04474483	NCT04474483 (2020)
		Adjuvant therapy	Not applicable	55 participants	Nine milligrams dose of melatonin for seven to ten nights	Determination of modulation of immune system	NCT04409522	NCT04409522 (2020)
		Primary therapy	Phase II	18 participants	Maximum daily dose 500 mg per day	Determination of impact of Melatonin on mortality rate and hospital stay	NCT04568863	NCT04568863 (2020)
		Primary therapy	Not applicable	150 participants	Ten milligrams melatonin at bedtime	Electronically tracking of symptom severity	NCT04530539	NCT04530539 (2020)
		Primary therapy	Phase II, Phase III	450 participants	Two milligrams of prolonged release melatonin orally before bedtime for 12 weeks	Determination of prophylaxis efficacy of melatonin	NCT04353128	NCT04353128 (2020)