TABLE 2.

Nanoparticle (NP)-mediated transformation methods used for various crops.

NP type	Genetic cargo	Crop	References
CNTs	DNA plasmid	Arugula	Demirer et al., 2019a
	DNA plasmid	Wheat	Demirer et al., 2019a
	DNA plasmid	Cotton	Demirer et al., 2019a
	DNA plasmid	Tobacco	Demirer et al., 2019a
	DNA plasmid	Tobacco	Burlaka et al., 2015
	DNA plasmid	Arugula	Kwak et al., 2019
	DNA plasmid	Tobacco	Kwak et al., 2019
	DNA plasmid	Spinach	Kwak et al., 2019
Silicon carbide whiskers–carbon nanotubes	DNA	Tobacco	Golestanipour et al., 2018
Gold NPs	DNA	Rice	Wu et al., 2011
	DNA plasmid	Rapeseed	Hao et al., 2013
Gold NPs–mesoporous silica	DNA plasmid	Tobacco	Torney et al., 2007
	DNA plasmid	Maize	Torney et al., 2007
	DNA	Onion	Martin-Ortigosa et al., 2012
	DNA	Maize	Martin-Ortigosa et al., 2014
Zinc NPs	DNA plasmid	Tobacco	Fu et al., 2012
Polymer NPs	siRNA	Tobacco	Silva et al., 2010
Clay nanosheets	dsDNA	Cowpea	Mitter et al., 2017
	dsDNA	Tobacco	Mitter et al., 2017