Table 1:
Baseline characteristics of patients attending ≥ 3 months following presentation.
| Participant characteristics | Total Cohort (n=70) |
No Dexamethasone (n=48) |
Dexamethasone (n=22) |
P value | No fatigue (n=26) |
Fatigue (n=44) |
P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 55.9 (13.0) |
55.6 (13.3) |
56.6 (12.6) |
.77 | 61.1 (11.6) |
52.8 (12.9) |
.009 |
| Sex: | |||||||
| Male | 47/70 (67.1%) |
33/48 (68.8%) |
14/22 (63.6%) |
.79 | 23/26 (88.5%) |
24/44 (54.5%) | .004 |
| Female | 23/70 (32.9%) |
15/48 (31.3%) |
8/22 (36.4%) |
3/26 (11.5%) |
20/44 (45.5%) | ||
| Ethnicity: | |||||||
| Asian | 17/70 (24.3%) |
7/48 (14.6%) |
10/22 (45.5%) |
.006 | 8/26 (30.8%) |
9/44 (20.5%) |
.82 |
| Black | 7/70 (10.0%) |
4/48 (8.3%) |
3/22 (13.6%) |
3/26 (11.5%) |
4/44 (9.1%) |
||
| Mixed | 2/70 (2.9%) |
1/48 (2.1%) |
1/22 (4.6%) |
1/26 (3.9%) |
1/44 (2.3%) |
||
| Other – not stated | 17/70 (24.3%) |
17/48 (35.4%) |
0 (0.0%) |
5/26 (19.2%) |
12/44 (27.3%) |
||
| White | 27/70 (38.6%) |
19/48 (39.6%) |
8/22 (36.4%) |
9/26 (34.6%) |
18/44 (40.9%) |
||
| Comorbidities: | |||||||
| Hypertension | 24/70 (34.3%) |
13/48 (27.1%) |
11/22 (50.0%) |
.05 | 6/26 (23.1%) |
18/44 (40.9%) |
.20 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 4/70 (5.7%) |
4/48 (8.3%) |
0/22 (0.0%) |
3/26 (11.5%) |
1/44 (2.3%) |
||
| Diabetes | 20/70 (28.6%) |
11/48 (22.9%) |
9/22 (40.9%) |
7/26 (26.9%) |
13/44 (29.5%) |
||
| Type 1 | 0/30 (0.0%) |
0/11 (0.0%) |
0/9 (0.0%) |
0/7 (0.0%) |
0/13 (0.0%) |
||
| Type 2 | 18/20 (90.0%) |
10/11 (90.9%) |
8/9 (88.9%) |
6/7 (85.7%) |
13/13 (100.0%) |
||
| Unspecified | 2/20 (10.0%) |
1/11 (90.1%) |
1/9 (11.1%) |
1/7 (14.3%) |
0/13 (0.0%) |
||
| Obesity (BMI >30kg/m 2 ) | |||||||
| Yes | 15/70 (21.4%) |
6/48 (12.5%) |
9/22 (40.9%) |
4/26 (15.4%) |
11/44 (25.0%) |
||
| No | 30/70 (42.9%) |
20/48 (41.7%) |
10/22 (45.5%) |
17/26 (65.4%) |
13/44 (29.5%) |
||
| Unknown | 25/70 (35.7%) |
22/48 (45.8%) |
3/22 (13.6%) |
5/26 (19.2%) |
20/44 (45.5%) |
||
| Smoking status: | |||||||
| Current smoker | 2/70 (2.9%) |
1/48 (2.1%) |
1/22 (4.5%) |
.23 | 2/26 (7.7%) |
0/44 (0.0%) |
.16 |
| Ex-smoker | 6/70 (8.6%) |
6/48 (12.5%) |
0/22 (0.0%) |
3/26 (11.5%) |
3/44 (6.8%) |
||
| Never-smoked | 60/70 (85.7%) |
39/48 (81.3%) |
21/22 (95.5%) |
21/26 (80.8%) |
39/44 (88.6%) |
||
| Unknown | 2/70 (2.9%) |
2/48 (4.2%) |
0/22 (0.0%) |
0/26 (0.0%) |
2/44 (4.6%) |
||
| Disease outcome: | |||||||
| Hospitalized | 54/70 (77.1%) |
32/48 (66.7%) |
22/22 (100.0%) |
NA | 17/26 (65.4%) |
37/44 (84.1%) |
.07 |
| NIV | 5/54 (9.3%) |
1/32 (3.1%) |
4/22 (18.2%) |
0/26 (0.0%) |
5/37 (13.5%) |
||
| ITU admission | 7/54 (13.00%) |
3/32 (9.4%) |
4/22 (18.2%) |
3/26 (11.5%) |
4/37 (10.8%) |
||
| Non-hospitalized | 16/70 (22.9%) |
16/48 (33.3%) |
0/22 (0.0%) |
9/26 (34.6%) |
7/44 (15.9%) |
||
| Disease Severity: | |||||||
| Mild | 12/70 (17.1%) |
12/48 (25.0%) |
0/22 (0.0%) |
.04 | 8/26 (30.8%) |
4/44 (9.1%) |
.03 |
| Moderate | 30/70 (42.9%) |
19/48 (39.6%) |
11/22 (50.0%) |
6/26 (23.1%) |
24/44 (54.5%) |
||
| Severe | 21/70 (30.0%) |
14/48 (29.2%) |
7/22 (31.8%) |
9/26 (34.6%) |
12/44 (27.3%) |
||
| Critical | 7/70 (10.0%) |
3/48 (6.3%) |
4/22 (18.2%) |
3/26 (11.5%) |
4/44 (9.1%) |
||
| Dexamethasone treatment | 22/70 (31.4%) |
NA | 22/22 (100%) |
NA | 0/26 (0.0%) |
22/44 (50.0%) |
NA |
| Cumulative dose dexamethasone treatment (mg) | 38.73 (18.49) |
NA | 38.73 (18.49) |
NA | NA | 38.73 (18.49) |
NA |
| Additional treatments: | |||||||
| Remdesivir | 15/70 (21.4%) |
1/48 (2.1%) |
14/22 (63.6%) |
.05 | 8/26 (30.8%) |
7/44 (15.9%) |
.26 |
| Tocilizumab | 1/70 (1.4%) |
1/48 (2.1%) |
0/22 (0.0%) |
1/26 (3.9%) |
0/44 (0.0%) |
||
| Conv. Plasma | 2/70 (2.9%) |
0/48 (0.0%) |
2/22 (9.1%) |
1/26 (3.9%) |
1/44 (2.3%) |
||
| Other | 3/70 (4.3%) |
1/48 (2.1%) |
2/22 (9.1%) |
0/26 (0.0%) |
3/44 (6.8%) |
||
| Duration of admission (days) | 5.0 (1.0, 8.0) |
4.0 (0.0, 8.0) |
6.0 (4.0, 9.8) |
<.001 | 6.5 (3.0, 1.3) |
4.0 (0.0, 7.8) |
.03 |
| Time since presentation (days) | 210.0 (112.0, 261.0) |
242.0 (209.5, 287.0) |
95.5 (88.8, 113.3) |
<.001 | 215.00 (121.0, 252.3) |
209.0 (102.0, 281.0) |
.83 |
Data are means (SD) for continuous variables parametrically distributed and medians (lower quartile, upper quartile) for continuous non-parametrically distributed variables. For categorical data, numbers of patients (percentages) are presented. Continuous data that are parametrically distributed were compared using t-tests, continuous data not parametrically distributed were compared using Mann-Whitney U test. Groups of continuous data parametrically distributed were compared using ANOVA test. Groups of continuous data non-parametrically distributed were compared using Kruskal-Wallis test. Categorical data were compared using Chi-Squared test. NIV: non-invasive ventilation; ITU: intensive therapy unit, Conv Plasma: convalescent plasma; Other: additional treatments include Anakinra (interleukin-1 receptor antagonist), Kaletra (Lopinavir/Ritonavir), Namilumab; NA: not applicable.