Table 1.
Characteristics of the COVID-19 patients admitted to the ICU1
| Total (n = 40) | 25(OH)D > 9.9 ng/mL subgroup (n = 26) | 25(OH)D ≤ 9.9 ng/mL subgroup (n = 14) | P value2 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | 61 [52.5–80] | 56.5 [51–69] | 76.5 [61–89] | 0.018 |
| Sex, male | 20 (50) | 13 (50) | 7 (50) | 0.87 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 27.7 (23.1–31.3) | 28.4 (23.0–31.6) | 26.8 (23.4–29.0) | 0.22 |
| 25(OH)D, ng/mL (N 30–80 ng/mL) | 12.0 [8.7–15.0] | 14.0 [12.1–18.8] | 7.7 [5.2–8.6] | 0.044 |
| Routine tests | ||||
| White blood cell count, 109/L (N 4.5–9 109/L) | 7.4 [6.1–9.6] | 7.1 [5.6–8.9] | 8.7 [6.4–16.0] | 0.18 |
| Neutrophils, 109/L (N 2–7.5 109/L) | 6.4 [4.4–8.7] | 6.1 [4.3–7.6] | 7.6 [5.6–11.4] | 0.14 |
| Lymphocytes, 109/L (N 1.5–4.5 109/L) | 0.9 [0.5–1.1] | 1.0 [0.6–1.2] | 0.7 [0.4–1.0] | 0.06 |
| NLR (N 0.78–3.53) | 7.9 [5.0–13.9] | 6.7 [4.7–10.5] | 12.9 [7.8–20.6] | 0.017 |
| NKT cells (CD3+CD56+CD16+), % (N < 10) | 0.6 [0.3–1.1] | 1.5 [0.8–2.8] | 0.5 [0.2–0.9] | 0.019 |
| NK cells (CD3-CD56+CD16+), % (N 9.9–22.0) | 1.3 [0.9–2.6] | 1.8 [0.9–2.6] | 1.2 [0.9–3.5] | 0.42 |
| Platelets, 109/L (N 150–380 109/L) | 209 [172–290] | 197 [154–285] | 230 [194–290] | 0.25 |
| Hemoglobin, g/L (N 120–170 g/L) | 140 [121–150] | 140 [130–158] | 136 [112–147] | 0.49 |
| Albumin, g/L (N 35–50 g/L) | 34 [32–37] | 35 [33–37] | 32 [26–35] | 0.07 |
| Creatinine, μM/L (N 53–97 μM/L) | 81 [62–101] | 86 [63–99] | 70 [59–118] | 0.69 |
| Total bilirubin, μM/L (N 3.4–17.1 μM/L) | 11.4 [9.3–15.0] | 10.9 [9.0–13.5] | 12.0 [9.2–18.6] | 0.51 |
| Troponin T, pg/mL (N <14 pg/mL) | 13.0 [7.0–32.5] | 10.6 [6.5–26.0] | 21.0 [8.5–51.3] | 0.26 |
| Ferritin, μg/L (N 11–336 μg/L) | 876 [375–1830] | 1004 [486–2030] | 409 [321–990] | 0.09 |
| IL-6, pg/mL (N <7 pg/mL) | 85 [49.8–190] | 85 [50–210] | 88 [47–120] | 0.65 |
| D-dimer, μg/mL (N <0.5 μg/mL) | 0.6 [0.4–1.8] | 0.6 [0.3–1.8] | 1.0 [0.6–2.2] | 0.05 |
| Fibrinogen, g/L (N 2–4 g/L) | 5.2 [4.2–6.4] | 4.9 [4.1–5.9] | 5.9 [4.1–6.7] | 0.27 |
| Procalcitonin, ng/mL (N <0.05 ng/mL) | 0.16 [0.06–0.30] | 0.14 [0.05–0.30] | 0.25 [0.10–0.65] | 0.20 |
| C-reactive protein, mg/L (N <5 mg/L) | 141 [103–210] | 126 [95–180] | 183 [116–240] | 0.23 |
| Outcomes | ||||
| LOS ICU, d | 11 [3–18] | 9 [2–22] | 13 [5–17] | 0.66 |
| Hospital stay, d | 15 [10–22] | 16 [11–25] | 14 [8–19] | 0.14 |
| Nonsurvivors | 18 (45) | 8 (31) | 10 (71) | 0.044 |
1
Values are median [IQR] for numerical data and n (%) for categorical data. ICU, intensive care unit; LOS, length of stay; N, reference range; NLR, ratio of neutrophils to lymphocytes; 25(OH)D, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D.
2
P values were calculated by Mann–Whitney U test, χ² test, or Fisher's exact test, as appropriate.