TABLE 1.
Characteristics of study participants by tertiles of plant‐based diet indexes
| Plant‐based Diet Indexes | p | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PDI | ||||
| T1 | T2 | T3 | ||
| Mean score | 43.55 ± 3.138 | 51.17 ± 2.14 | 58.83 ± 3.567 | |
| Age (year) | 67.22 ± 5.18 | 66.97 ± 6.82 | 66.94 ± 6.63 | .96 |
| Weight (kg) | 70.68 ± 10.75 | 72.81 ± 13.53 | 74.06 ± 13.61 | .38 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29.59 ± 4.08 | 29.49 ± 4.80 | 30.44 ± 5.55 | .51 |
| WHR | 0.94 ± 0.07 | 0.96 ± 0.07 | 0.93 ± 0.10 | .37 |
| WC (cm) | 98.27 ± 9.32 | 100.02 ± 11.02 | 100.17 ± 11.01 | .56 |
| Body fat (%) | 43.27 ± 7.11 | 41.19 ± 7.46 | 44.38 ± 9.01 | .07 |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 13 (25.5%) | 25 (49%) | 13 (25.5%) | .24 |
| Female | 42 (33.1%) | 45 (35.4%) | 40 (31.5%) | |
| Physical activity | ||||
| Very low | 28 (34.1%) | 31 (37.8%) | 23 (28%) | .53 |
| Low | 15 (24.6%) | 29 (47.5%) | 17 (27.9%) | |
| Moderate and upper | 11 (34.4%) | 10 (31.3%) | 11 (34.4%) | |
| Smoking | ||||
| Not smoking | 47 (31.5%) | 55 (36.9%) | 47 (31.5%) | .29 |
| Former and current smoking | 8 (27.6%) | 15 (51.7%) | 6 (20.7%) | |
| Marital status, married, n (%) | 35 (20.0%) | 49 (28.0%) | 38 (21.7%) | .77 |
| Diabetes, yes, n (%) | 23 (12.9%) | 29 (16.3%) | 18 (39.3%) | .63 |
| Hypertension, yes, n (%) | 27 (15.2%) | 43 (24.2%) | 29 (55.6%) | .38 |
| Dyslipidemia,yes, n (%) | 34 (19.1%) | 39 (21.9%) | 20 (11.2%) | .03 |
| hPDI | ||||
| Mean score | 44 ± 3.394 | 51.07 ± 1.472 | 57.38 ± 3.383 | |
| Age (year) | 66.60 ± 5.61 | 66.78 ± 5.99 | 67.66 ± 6.58 | .59 |
| Weight (kg) | 73.20 ± 13.08 | 73.01 ± 13.43 | 71.49 ± 11.96 | .72 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29.51 ± 5.38 | 30.09 ± 4.42 | 29.79 ± 4.73 | .81 |
| WHR | 0.95 ± 0.08 | 0.95 ± 0.08 | 0.94 ± 0.09 | .71 |
| WC (cm) | 100.10 ± 10.74 | 100.38 ± 10.64 | 98.25 ± 10.19 | .47 |
| Body fat (%) | 42.97 ± 8.39 | 42.76 ± 7.17 | 42.64 ± 8.29 | .97 |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 14 (27.5%) | 17 (33.3%) | 20 (39.2%) | .78 |
| Female | 41 (32.3%) | 42 (33.1%) | 44 (34.6%) | |
| Physical activity | ||||
| Very low | 25 (32.9%) | 27 (30.5%) | 30 (36.6%) | .87 |
| Low | 18 (29.5%) | 21 (34.4%) | 22 (36.1%) | |
| Moderate and upper | 8 (25%) | 13 (40.6%) | 11 (34.4%) | |
| Smoking | ||||
| Not smoking | 46 (30.9%) | 49 (32.9%) | 54 (36.2%) | .98 |
| Former and current smoking | 9 (31%) | 10 (34.5%) | 10 (34.5%) | |
| Marital status, married, n (%) | 38 (21.7%) | 43 (24.6%) | 41 (23.4%) | .67 |
| Diabetes, yes, n (%) | 19 (10.7%) | 24 (13.5%) | 27 (15.2%) | .67 |
| Hypertension, yes, n (%) | 30 (16.9%) | 32 (18.0%) | 37 (20.8%) | .90 |
| Dyslipidemia, yes, n (%) | 29 (16.3%) | 32 (18.0%) | 32 (18.0%) | .89 |
| uPDI | ||||
| Mean score | 45.78 ± 3.36 | 54.32 ± 2.17 | 62.14 ± 3.96 | |
| Age (year) | 66.60 ± 5.15 | 67.77 ± 7.06 | 66.64 ± 5.74 | .48 |
| Weight (kg) | 71.27 ± 12.68 | 71.58 ± 13.35 | 74.90 ± 12.03 | .24 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29.51 ± 4.54 | 29.66 ± 4.85 | 30.27 ± 5.11 | .67 |
| WHR | 0.95 ± 0.07 | 0.94 ± 0.09 | 0.94 ± 0.08 | .61 |
| WC (cm) | 98.94 ± 10.59 | 99.13 ± 10.89 | 100.58 ± 10.04 | .66 |
| Body fat (%) | 115.93 ± 42.66 | 105.75 ± 34.92 | 110.32 ± 48.96 | .42 |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 18 (35.3%) | 19 (37.3%) | 14 (27.5%) | .73 |
| Female | 39 (30.7%) | 46 (36.2%) | 42 (33.1%) | |
| Physical activity | ||||
| Very low | 29 (35.4%) | 26 (31.7%) | 27 (32.9%) | .65 |
| Low | 19 (31.1%) | 23 (37.7%) | 19 (31.1%) | |
| Moderate and upper | 8 (25%) | 15 (46.9%) | 19 (28.1%) | |
| Smoking | ||||
| Not smoking | 48 (32.4%) | 53 (35.8%) | 47 (31.8%) | .97 |
| Former and current smoking | 9 (31%) | 11 (37.9%) | 9 (31%) | |
| Marital status, married, n (%) | 41 (23.4%) | 41 (23.4%) | 40 (22.9%) | .39 |
| Diabetes, yes, n (%) | 23 (12.9%) | 24 (13.5%) | 23 (12.9%) | .88 |
| Hypertension, yes, n (%) | 34 (19.1%) | 33 (18.5%) | 32 (18.0%) | .52 |
| Dyslipidemia, yes, n (%) | 34 (19.1%) | 26 (14.6%) | 33 (18.5%) | .04 |
p value less than .05 was considered significant.
Values are based on mean ± standard deviation or frequency (reported percentage).
One‐way ANOVA for quantitative data and chi‐square test for qualitative data have been used.
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; WHR, waist to hip ratio.