TABLE 2.
Dietary intakes according to tertile of plant‐based diet indices†
| Mean ± SD | PDI | p * | p † | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tertile 1 | Tertile 2 | Tertile 3 | ||||
| Whole grains (g/day) | 183.40 ± 157.47 | 144.41 ± 108.81 | 179.17 ± 153.33 | 229.46 ± 192.67 | .004 | .01 |
| Fruits (g/day) | 499.02 ± 274.00 | 377.32 ± 224.99 | 537.19 ± 263.44 | 574.92 ± 295.63 | .001 | .001 |
| Vegetables (g/day) | 460.16 ± 215.65 | 412.40 ± 475.83 | 475.83 ± 214.05 | 489.04 ± 219.52 | .17 | .45 |
| Nuts (g/day) | 16.70 ± 27.58 | 15.45 ± 36.44 | 13.04 ± 13.70 | 22.83 ± 30.04 | .10 | .27 |
| Legumes (g/day) | 32.05 ± 24.64 | 23.83 ± 27.29 | 33.91 ± 22.93 | 38.11 ± 21.97 | .003 | <.001 |
| Vegetable oils (g/day) | 18.52 ± 13.20 | 14.56 ± 10.34 | 17.12 ± 11.61 | 24.46 ± 15.57 | .006 | .02 |
| Tea & Coffee (g/day) | 646.44 ± 351.86 | 547.88 ± 301.72 | 622.78 ± 352.29 | 799.97 ± 364.67 | .01 | .01 |
| Fruit juices (g/day) | 27.28 ± 39.58 | 14.52 ± 28.94 | 23.52 ± 32.64 | 45.48 ± 50.22 | .02 | .04 |
| Refined grains (g/day) | 259.60 ± 152.94 | 201.54 ± 126.21 | 257.10 ± 161.05 | 323.16 ± 144.81 | .01 | .03 |
| Potatoes (g/day) | 22.04 ± 21.76 | 12.51 ± 10.36 | 22.01 ± 22.30 | 31.95 ± 25.38 | .04 | <.001 |
| Sugar sweetened beverages (g/day) | 29.29 ± 58.15 | 16.30 ± 55.60 | 21.35 ± 30.50 | 53.27 ± 78.85 | .03 | <.001 |
| Sweets and Desserts (g/day) | 44.56 ± 136.31 | 18.73 ± 20.01 | 62.45 ± 213.88 | 47.75 ± 31.37 | .23 | .55 |
| Animal fat (g/day) | 4.37 ± 7.80 | 3.10 ± 5.62 | 5.14 ± 8.69 | 4.67 ± 8.47 | .82 | .72 |
| Dairy (g/day) | 384.40 ± 225.34 | 327.38 ± 198.80 | 412.70 ± 237.55 | 406.19 ± 227.85 | .49 | .08 |
| Egg (g/day) | 13.78 ± 13.92 | 15.19 ± 12.20 | 13.80 ± 11.85 | 12.27 ± 17.72 | .59 | .42 |
| Fish or Seafood (g/day) | 9.65 ± 10.49 | 11.18 ± 10.25 | 10.39 ± 12.13 | 7.09 ± 7.75 | .06 | .04 |
| Meat (g/day) | 50.70 ± 37.20 | 48.38 ± 24.23 | 56.54 ± 45.14 | 45.41 ± 36.27 | .52 | .74 |
| Misc. Animal‐based foods (g/day) | 7.32 ± 9.58 | 6.08 ± 4.81 | 6.33 ± 5.76 | 9.91 ± 15.32 | .06 | .03 |
| Mean ± SD | hPDI | p * | p † | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tertile 1 | Tertile 2 | Tertile 3 | ||||
| Whole grains (g/day) | 183.40 ± 157.47 | 148.24 ± 162.65 | 187.50 ± 148.05 | 209.84 ± 158.14 | .02 | .01 |
| Fruits (g/day) | 499.02 ± 274.00 | 430.08 ± 226.83 | 529.06 ± 325.69 | 530.59 ± 251.33 | .09 | .03 |
| Vegetables (g/day) | 460.16 ± 215.65 | 415.27 ± 180.79 | 464.95 ± 220.89 | 494.32 ± 234.00 | .23 | .02 |
| Nuts (g/day) | 16.70 ± 27.58 | 12.28 ± 17.29 | 23.75 ± 40.76 | 14.00 ± 16.72 | .21 | .82 |
| Legumes (g/day) | 32.05 ± 24.64 | 32.82 ± 23.47 | 29.00 ± 20.08 | 34.20 ± 29.14 | .70 | .58 |
| Vegetable oils (g/day) | 18.52 ± 13.20 | 22.41 ± 13.50 | 17.78 ± 11.83 | 15.85 ± 13.55 | .04 | <.001 |
| Tea & Coffee (g/day) | 646.44 ± 351.86 | 639.53 ± 371.38 | 629.07 ± 325.04 | 668.39 ± 362.67 | .47 | .65 |
| Fruit juices (g/day) | 27.28 ± 39.58 | 33.44 ± 42.09 | 27.36 ± 44.18 | 21.92 ± 32.01 | .30 | .12 |
| Refined grains (g/day) | 259.60 ± 152.94 | 324.37 ± 134.91 | 252.87 ± 113.26 | 210.14 ± 179.20 | <.001 | <.001 |
| Potatoes (g/day) | 22.04 ± 21.76 | 27.79 ± 25.05 | 22.27 ± 16.99 | 16.88 ± 21.69 | .01 | .01 |
| Sugar sweetened beverages (g/day) | 29.29 ± 58.15 | 47.41 ± 64.13 | 35.72 ± 72.71 | 7.79 ± 17.73 | <.001 | <.001 |
| Sweets and Desserts (g/day) | 44.56 ± 136.31 | 49.44 ± 30.66 | 65.73 ± 233.13 | 20.87 ± 18.75 | .22 | .25 |
| Animal fat (g/day) | 4.37 ± 7.80 | 5.48 ± 8.32 | 3.75 ± 6.1 | 3.99 ± 8.65 | .27 | .41 |
| Dairy (g/day) | 384.40 ± 225.34 | 398.56 ± 232.01 | 374.29 ± 223.65 | 381.55 ± 224.03 | .30 | .91 |
| Egg (g/day) | 13.78 ± 13.92 | 14.96 ± 11.06 | 15.07 ± 18.23 | 11.56 ± 11.22 | .42 | .15 |
| Fish or Seafood (g/day) | 9.65 ± 10.49 | 11.88 ± 10.83 | 9.29 ± 10.12 | 8.07 ± 10.35 | .16 | .04 |
| Meat (g/day) | 50.70 ± 37.20 | 64.06 ± 48.39 | 50.25 ± 32.99 | 39.64 ± 24.47 | <.001 | .01 |
| Misc. Animal‐based foods (g/day) | 7.32 ± 9.58 | 9.20 ± 8.77 | 8.62 ± 13.60 | 4.51 ± 2.98 | .02 | <.001 |
| Mean ± SD | uPDI | p * | p † | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tertile 1 | Tertile 2 | Tertile 3 | ||||
| Whole grains (g/day) | 183.40 ± 157.47 | 220.26 ± 180.81 | 207.66 ± 163.52 | 117.94.39 | .01 | .001 |
| Fruits (g/day) | 499.02 ± 274.00 | 614.13 ± 232.82 | 500.90 ± 274.75 | 379.69 ± 265.23 | .003 | .02 |
| Vegetables (g/day) | 460.16 ± 215.65 | 579.55 ± 213.64 | 448.97 ± 211.70 | 351.64 ± 155.35 | .002 | <.001 |
| Nuts (g/day) | 16.70 ± 27.58 | 21.97 ± 24.87 | 14.68 ± 20.68 | 13.68 ± 35.73 | .001 | <.001 |
| Legumes (g/day) | 32.05 ± 24.64 | 38.84 ± 27.19 | 32.41 ± 24.45 | 24.71 ± 20.08 | .002 | .34 |
| Vegetable oils (g/day) | 18.52 ± 13.20 | 19.46 ± 11.30 | 20.72 ± 15.04 | 14.99 ± 12.17 | .03 | .09 |
| Tea & Coffee (g/day) | 646.44 ± 351.86 | 674.83 ± 364.46 | 670.89 ± 328.76 | 589.16 ± 364.04 | .44 | .38 |
| Fruit juices (g/day) | 27.28 ± 39.58 | 29.13 ± 47.32 | 22.74 ± 29.74 | 30.67 ± 41.15 | .23 | .79 |
| Refined grains (g/day) | 259.60 ± 152.94 | 239.03 ± 125.23 | 266.42 ± 173.70 | 272.62 ± 153.40 | .41 | .25 |
| Potatoes (g/day) | 22.04 ± 21.76 | 17.56 ± 15.85 | 21.43 ± 14.47 | 27.30 ± 31.22 | .07 | .03 |
| Sugar sweetened beverages (g/day) | 29.29 ± 58.15 | 11.76 ± 32.03 | 29.03 ± 34.17 | 47.44 ± 88.47 | <.001 | .001 |
| Sweets and Desserts (g/day) | 44.56 ± 136.31 | 32.92 ± 30.57 | 34.11 ± 25.16 | 68.55 ± 239.27 | .38 | .22 |
| Animal fat (g/day) | 4.37 ± 7.80 | 7.55 ± 10.16 | 3.35 ± 7.14 | 2.32 ± 3.93 | .002 | <.001 |
| Dairy (g/day) | 384.40 ± 225.34 | 477.77 ± 270.18 | 386.03 ± 207.17 | 287.47 ± 143.32 | <.001 | <.001 |
| Egg (g/day) | 13.78 ± 13.92 | 19.86 ± 17.99 | 12.11 ± 9.44 | 9.52 ± 11.42 | .003 | .001 |
| Fish or Seafood (g/day) | 9.65 ± 10.49 | 13.68 ± 11.95 | 10.22 ± 10.83 | 4.89 ± 5.64 | .005 | .02 |
| Meat (g/day) | 50.70 ± 37.20 | 63.67 ± 44.29 | 49.06 ± 31.46 | 39.41 ± 31.57 | .002 | .001 |
| Misc. Animal‐based foods (g/day) | 7.32 ± 9.58 | 9.99 ± 13.91 | 7.13 ± 7.98 | 4.82 ± 3.26 | .03 | .03 |
p value less than .05 was considered significant.
Values are based on mean ± standard deviation
Abbreviations: hPDI, healthy plant‐based diet index; PDI, plant‐based diet index; uPDI, unhealthy plant‐based diet index.
*
p for trend calculated by analysis of variance (ANOVA).
†
p for trend adjusted for total energy intake.