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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Jun 11.
Published in final edited form as: Ann Oncol. 2020 Jan;31(1):103–114. doi: 10.1016/j.annonc.2019.09.007

Table 4.

Pooled Multivariable Hazard Ratios1 and 95% Confidence Intervals(CI) of Prostate Cancer According to Waist and Hip Circumference

HR (95% CI) by Categories of Anthropometric Factor p-value, test for trend2 p-value, test for between-studies heterogeneity3 I2 4 p-value, test for common effects5 Continuous HR (95% CI)6 p-value, test for between-studies heterogeneity I2
Waist Circumference (cm) <90 90-<100 100-<110 ≥110
All Case N 6048 11181 6291 2514
Prostate Cancer Mortality N 292 571 337 165
All 1.00 (REF) 1.01 (0.96-1.06) 0.99 (0.95-1.04) 0.95 (0.90-1.00) <0.01 0.79 0% **13
 By stage
  Localized7 1.00 (REF) 1.01 (0.95-1.07) 0.98 (0.94-1.03) 0.93 (0.88-0.99) <0.01 0.94 0% **13
  Advanced8 1.00 (REF) 1.00 (0.89-1.13) 1.07 (0.94-1.22) 1.17 (0.95-1.44) 0.09 0.23 29% 0.04 1.05 (0.99-1.12) 0.12 44%
   Restricted9 1.00 (REF) 0.94 (0.80-1.09) 1.03 (0.86-1.22) 0.92 (0.73-1.18) 0.98 0.65 0% 0.93 0.99 (0.93-1.05) 0.44 0%
  Prostate Cancer Mortality10 1.00 (REF) 1.03 (0.89-1.19) 1.06 (0.90-1.25) 1.39 (1.14-1.71) 0.01 0.74 0% <0.001 1.07 (1.01-1.13) 0.25 28%
 By grade
  Low11 1.00 (REF) 1.00 (0.95-1.06) 0.97 (0.92-1.01) 0.90 (0.85-0.95) <0.001 0.93 0% **13
  High12 1.00 (REF) 1.06 (0.98-1.15) 1.11 (0.98-1.26) 1.16 (1.03-1.31) 0.02 0.40 5% <0.001 1.05 (1.01-1.09) 0.20 34%
Hip Circumference (cm) <95 95-<100 100-<105 ≥105
All Case N 3017 4815 5517 6067
Prostate Cancer Mortality N 158 265 333 391
All 1.00 (REF) 0.99 (0.94-1.05) 1.02 (0.96-1.09) 0.93 (0.87-0.98) <0.01 0.28 25% **13
 By stage
  Localized7 1.00 (REF) 1.00 (0.95-1.06) 1.02 (0.96-1.08) 0.92 (0.87-0.97) <0.01 0.54 0% **13
 Advanced8 1.00 (REF) 1.05 (0.84-1.32) 1.10 (0.85-1.43) 1.06 (0.83-1.36) 0.76 0.11 49% 0.26 1.02 (0.97-1.07) 0.06 57%
   Restricted9 1.00 (REF) 0.95 (0.72-1.27) 1.01 (0.74-1.38) 0.79 (0.63-0.98) 0.03 0.65 0% 0.18 0.98 (0.93-1.03) 0.55 0%
  Prostate Cancer Mortality10 1.00 (REF) 1.03 (0.82-1.29) 1.20 (0.82-1.77) 1.26 (0.98-1.62) 0.03 0.24 29% 0.02 1.03 (0.98-1.07) 0.61 0%
 By grade
  Low11 1.00 (REF) 1.00 (0.94-1.06) 1.00 (0.95-1.06) 0.88 (0.82-0.95) <0.01 0.27 26%
  High12 1.00 (REF) 1.00 (0.89-1.12) 1.17 (0.93-1.48) 1.14 (0.92-1.41) 0.21 0.07 61% 0.03 1.01 (0.98-1.04) 0.30 25%
Waist to Hip Ratio <0.90 0.90-<0.95 0.95-<1.00 ≥1.00
All Case N 3792 6530 4820 3466
Prostate Cancer Mortality N 207 385 283 228
All 1.00 (REF) 1.02 (0.98-1.07) 1.02 (0.97-1.06) 1.04 (0.99-1.09) 0.21 0.88 0% 1.01 (1.00-1.02) 0.72 0%
 By stage
  Localized7 1.00 (REF) 1.01 (0.95-1.08) 1.03 (0.97-1.08) 1.03 (0.97-1.09) 0.47 0.66 0% 1.01 (0.99-1.02) 0.77 0%
  Advanced8 1.00 (REF) 1.04 (0.91-1.20) 1.04 (0.86-1.27) 1.17 (0.95-1.45) 0.06 0.21 34% 0.24 **13
   Restricted9 1.00 (REF) 1.03 (0.76-1.38) 0.96 (0.78-1.18) 1.07 (0.79-1.46) 0.85 0.14 45% 0.80 1.01 (0.95-1.08) 0.52 0%
  Prostate Cancer Mortality10 1.00 (REF) 1.02 (0.85-1.23) 1.01 (0.77-1.33) 1.20 (0.99-1.46) 0.07 0.61 0% 0.14 **13
 By grade
  Low11 1.00 (REF) 1.01 (0.95-1.07) 1.01 (0.96-1.07) 1.02 (0.96-1.08) 0.48 0.46 0% 1.00 (0.99-1.02) 0.37 9%
  High12 1.00 (REF) 1.09 (0.95-1.25) 1.09 (0.98-1.22) 1.14 (1.01-1.28) 0.02 0.54 0% 0.09 1.05 (1.01-1.08) 0.53 0%
1

Multivariable relative risks (MVRR) were adjusted for race (Caucasian, African-American, Asian, Hispanic, other), education (<high school, high school, >high school), marital status (married, never married, widowed, divorced), alcohol (0 ,>0-<5, 5-<15, 15-<30 and ≥30g/day), smoking habits (never, past smoker and <15 pack years, past smoker and 15+ pack years, current smoker and <40 pack years, and current smoker and pack years ≥40), height (<1.70, 1.70–<1.75, 1.75–<1.80, 1.80–<1.85, ≥1.85m), except for JPHC1 and JPHC2 in which the .05m category increments ranged from <1.60 to >1.75m, (physical activity (low, medium, high), prostate cancer family history (no, yes), personal history of diabetes (no, yes) multiple vitamin use (no, yes), and dietary calcium (quintiles), dietary lycopene (quintiles), and total energy intake (kcal/d, continuous); for adjustment, these variables were entered directly into the multivariable model or, for studies with less than 200 cases, these variables were modeled using the propensity scores.

2

P-value, test for trend is evaluated using the Wald test

3

P-value, test for between-studies heterogeneity is based on the highest category

4

I2 value is based on the highest category

5

P-value, contrast test, is based on the highest category and compared the following: 1)advanced to localized, 2) advanced restricted to localized, 3) prostate cancer mortality to localized, and 4) high grade to low grade.

6

Continuous estimate was based on an increment of 10cm for waist circumference, 5cm for hip circumference and 0.05 for waist to hip ratio.

7

”Localized”: defined as cancers with information on stage but are not defined as “periprostatic”, i.e. cancers confined within the prostate;

8

”Advanced”: defined as cancers with extension to or fixation to adjacent structures other than seminal vesicles, i.e. T4, N1, M1 or fatal;

9

”Advanced (restricted)”: same as “advanced” but excluding prostate cancer mortality cases that were initially diagnosed as localized cases or cases with missing stage information at diagnosis

10

”Prostate Cancer Mortality”: defined when prostate cancer was the underlying cause of death

11

”Low grade”: Gleason score <8 or well/moderately differentiated

12

”High grade”: Gleason score >=8 or poorly differentiated/undifferentiated

13

Continuous estimates were not calculated as the p-value, test for nonlinearity<0.05