Table 5.

Pooled Multivariable Relative Risks (95% Confidence Intervals) of Prostate Cancer According to Height

Anthropometric Factor	HR (95% CI) by Categories of Anthropometric Factor							p-value, test for trend2	p-value, test for between-studies heterogeneity3	I2 4	p-value, contrast test5	Continuous HR (95% CI)6	p-value, test for between-studies heterogeneity	I2
Height (m)	<1.65	1.65-<1.70	1.70-1.75	1.75-1.80	1.80-1.85	1.85-1.90	>1.90
All Case N	2088	4854	10609	14267	12520	5354	2042
Prostate Cancer Mortality N	130	315	673	916	696	285	108
All	1.03 (0.97-1.09)	1.00 (REF)	1.02 (0.98-1.06)	1.03 (0.99-1.06)	1.04 (1.00-1.08)	1.02 (0.98-1.07)	1.09 (1.01-1.17)	0.12	0.22	26%		1.01 (1.00-1.01)	0.91	0%
By stage
Localized7	1.06 (1.00-1.13)	1.00 (REF)	1.03 (0.98-1.08)	1.01 (0.97-1.06)	1.03 (0.99-1.08)	1.00 (0.95-1.05)	1.07 (0.97-1.18)	0.65	0.13	37%		1.00 (0.99-1.01)	0.82	0%
Advanced8	0.95 (0.79-1.13)	1.00 (REF)	1.07 (0.96-1.19)	1.15 (1.03-1.29)	1.17 (1.04-1.32)	1.17 (1.02-1.36)	1.33 (1.03-1.72)	<0.01	0.20	29%	0.13	1.05 (1.02-1.08)	0.24	22%
Restricted9	0.95 (0.75-1.21)	1.00 (REF)	1.10 (0.96-1.27)	1.12 (0.95-1.31)	1.18 (1.02-1.38)	1.11 (0.93-1.34)	1.33 (0.99-1.79)	<0.01	0.27	22%	0.19	1.04 (1.02-1.07)	0.72	0%
Prostate Cancer Mortality10	1.05 (0.81-1.36)	1.00 (REF)	1.08 (0.93-1.27)	1.25 (1.09-1.44)	1.25 (1.07-1.45)	1.29 (1.07-1.54)	1.56 (1.08-2.26)	<0.01	0.07	49%	0.05	1.07 (1.04-1.10)	0.25	22%
By grade
Low11	1.08 (1.01-1.15)	1.00 (REF)	1.03 (0.99-1.08)	1.02 (0.98-1.07)	1.04 (0.99-1.08)	1.00 (0.95-1.06)	1.06 (0.99-1.13)	0.67	0.59	0%		**13
High12	0.97 (0.86-1.09)	1.00 (REF)	1.00 (0.92-1.08)	1.05 (0.97-1.15)	1.09 (0.97-1.24)	1.10 (1.00-1.22)	1.02 (0.90-1.17)	0.01	0.76	0%	0.63	1.02 (1.00-1.04)	0.33	14%

¹Multivariable relative risks (MVRR) were adjusted for race (Caucasian, African-American, Asian, Hispanic, other), education (<high school, high school, >high school), marital status (married, never married, widowed, divorced), alcohol (0 ,>0-<5, 5-<15, 15-<30 and ≥30g/day), smoking habits (never, past smoker and <15 pack years, past smoker and 15+ pack years, current smoker and <40 pack years, and current smoker and pack years ≥40), BMI (<23, 23-<25, 25-<30, >30kg/m²), (physical activity (low, medium, high), prostate cancer family history (no, yes), personal history of diabetes (no, yes) multiple vitamin use (no, yes), and dietary calcium (quintiles), dietary lycopene (quintiles), and total energy intake (kcal/d, continuous); for adjustment, these variables were entered directly into the multivariable model or, for studies with less than 200 cases, these variables were modeled using the propensity scores.

²P-value, test for trend is based on the highest category

³P-value, test for between-studies heterogeneity is based on the highest category

⁴I² value is based on the highest category

⁵P-value, contrast test, is based on the highest category and compared the following: 1)advanced to localized, 2) advanced restricted to localized, 3) prostate cancer mortality to localized, and 4) high grade to low grade.

⁶Continuous estimate was based on an increment of 5cm for height.

⁷”Localized”: defined as cancers with information on stage but are not defined as “periprostatic”, i.e. cancers confined within the prostate;

⁸”Advanced”: defined as cancers with extension to or fixation to adjacent structures other than seminal vesicles, i.e. T4, N1, M1 or fatal;

⁹”Advanced (restricted)”: same as “advanced” but excluding prostate cancer mortality cases that were initially diagnosed as localized cases or cases with missing stage information at diagnosis

¹⁰”Prostate Cancer Mortality”: defined when prostate cancer was the underlying cause of death

¹¹”Low grade”: Gleason score <8 or well/moderately differentiated

¹²”High grade”: Gleason score >=8 or poorly differentiated/undifferentiated

¹³Continuous estimates were not calculated as the p-value, test for nonlinearity<0.05