TABLE 3.
Clinicopathological characteristics and clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19 as stratified by VFA1
| Clinicopathological characteristic | All, n = 63 | Low VFA, n = 21 (33.3%) | High VFA,2n = 42 (66.7%) | P value3 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | 0.285 | |||
| Male | 30 (47.6) | 12 (57.1) | 18 (42.9) | |
| Female | 33 (52.4) | 9 (42.9) | 24 (57.1) | |
| Age, y | 0.571 | |||
| <70 | 21 (33.3) | 6 (28.6) | 15 (35.7) | |
| ≥70 | 42 (66.7) | 15 (71.4) | 27 (64.3) | |
| Ethnicity | 0.715 | |||
| White | 59 (93.7) | 20 (95.2) | 39 (92.9) | |
| Other | 4 (6.3) | 1 (4.8) | 3 (7.1) | |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 0.003 | |||
| 25–29 | 16 (51.6) | 3 (14.3) | 13 (31.0) | |
| ≥30 | 15 (48.4) | 1 (4.8) | 14 (33.3) | |
| Smoking status | 0.009 | |||
| Current | 10 (15.9) | 7 (33.3) | 3 (7.1) | |
| Ex | 28 (44.4) | 10 (47.6) | 18 (42.9) | |
| Never | 25 (39.7) | 4 (19.0) | 21 (50.0) | |
| Alcohol excess Hx. | 0.241 | |||
| Yes | 11 (17.5) | 2 (9.5) | 9 (21.4) | |
| No | 52 (82.5) | 19 (90.5) | 33 (78.6) | |
| Clinical frailty | 0.356 | |||
| Yes | 45 (71.4) | 17 (81.0) | 28 (70.0) | |
| No | 16 (25.4) | 4 (19.0) | 12 (30.0) | |
| Liver disease | ||||
| Yes | 6 (9.5) | 1 (4.8) | 5 (11.9) | |
| No | 57 (90.5) | 20 (95.2) | 37 (88.1) | 0.363 |
| Hypertension | 0.721 | |||
| Yes | 34 (53.1) | 12 (57.1) | 22 (52.4) | |
| No | 29 (45.3) | 9 (42.9) | 20 (47.6) | |
| Heart failure | 0.539 | |||
| Yes | 8 (12.7) | 2 (9.5) | 6 (14.3) | |
| No | 55 (87.3) | 19 (90.5) | 36 (85.7) | |
| T2DM | 0.076 | |||
| Yes | 18 (28.1) | 3 (14.3) | 15 (35.7) | |
| No | 45 (70.3) | 18 (85.7) | 27 (64.3) | |
| Chronic renal failure | 0.348 | |||
| Yes | 11 (17.5) | 5 (23.8) | 6 (14.3) | |
| No | 52 (82.5) | 16 (76.2) | 36 (85.7) | |
| Asthma | 0.123 | |||
| Yes | 13 (20.6) | 2 (9.5) | 11 (26.2) | |
| No | 50 (79.4) | 19 (90.5) | 31 (73.8) | |
| COPD | 0.391 | |||
| Yes | 14 (22.2) | 6 (28.6) | 8 (19.0) | |
| No | 49 (77.8) | 15 (71.4) | 34 (81.0) | |
| Active cancer | 0.019 | |||
| Yes | 11 (17.5) | 7 (33.3) | 4 (9.5) | |
| No | 52 (82.5) | 14 (66.7) | 38 (90.5) | |
| CRP, mg/L | 0.188 | |||
| ≥10 | 52 (82.5) | 6 (28.6) | 21 (42.9) | |
| ≥80 | 31 (49.2) | 7 (33.3) | 7 (22.2) | |
| ≥150 | 14 (22.2) | 8 (38.1) | 14 (33.3) | |
| Albumin, g/L | 0.271 | |||
| <25 | 13 (20.6) | 6 (28.6) | 7 (16.7) | |
| ≥25 | 50 (79.4) | 15 (71.4) | 35 (83.3) | |
| NLR | 0.132 | |||
| <3 | 10 (15.6) | 1 (4.8) | 9 (21.4) | |
| 3–5 | 12 (18.8) | 3 (14.3) | 9 (21.4) | |
| >5 | 41 (64.1) | 17 (81.0) | 24 (57.1) | |
| poGPS | 0.350 | |||
| 0 | 41 (65.1) | 12 (57.1) | 29 (69.0) | |
| 1–2 | 22 (34.9) | 9 (42.9) | 13 (31.0) | |
| ITU admission | 0.012 | |||
| Yes | 3 (4.8) | 3 (14.3) | 0 (0) | |
| No | 60 (95.2) | 18 (85.7) | 42 (100) | |
| 30-d mortality | 0.002 | |||
| Yes | 11 (17.5) | 8 (38.1) | 3 (7.1) | |
| No | 52 (82.5) | 13 (61.9) | 39 (92.9) |
1Values are n (%). COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; COVID-19, coronavirus disease; CRP, C-reactive protein; Hx., history; ITU, intensive therapy or care unit; NLR, neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio; poGPS, perioperative Glasgow Prognostic Score; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; VFA, visceral fat area.
2
High VFA defined as >160 cm2 for males and >80 cm2 for females.
3
P value is from χ2 analysis.