TABLE 5.
Clinicopathological characteristics and clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19 as stratified by SMI1
| Clinicopathological characteristic | All, n = 63 | Normal/high SMI, n = 24 (38.1%) | Low SMI,2n = 39 (61.9%) | P value3 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | 0.824 | |||
| Male | 30 (47.6) | 11 (45.8) | 19 (48.7) | |
| Female | 33 (52.4) | 13 (54.2) | 20 (51.3) | |
| Age, y | 0.271 | |||
| <70 | 21 (33.3) | 10 (41.7) | 11 (28.2) | |
| ≥70 | 42 (66.7) | 14 (58.3) | 28 (71.8) | |
| Ethnicity | 0.577 | |||
| White | 59 (93.7) | 23 (95.8) | 36 (92.3) | |
| Other | 4 (6.3) | 1 (4.2) | 3 (7.7) | |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 0.003 | |||
| 25–29 | 16 (51.6) | 3 (14.3) | 13 (31.0) | |
| ≥30 | 15 (48.4) | 1 (4.8) | 14 (33.3) | |
| Smoking status | 0.182 | |||
| Current | 10 (15.9) | 3 (12.5) | 7 (17.9) | |
| Ex | 28 (44.4) | 8 (33.3) | 20 (51.3) | |
| Never | 25 (39.7) | 13 (54.2) | 12 (30.8) | |
| Alcohol excess Hx. | 0.216 | |||
| Yes | 11 (17.5) | 6 (25.0) | 5 (12.8) | |
| No | 52 (82.5) | 18 (75.0) | 34 (87.2) | |
| Clinical frailty | 0.177 | |||
| Yes | 45 (71.4) | 14 (63.6) | 31 (79.5) | |
| No | 16 (25.4) | 8 (36.4) | 8 (20.5) | |
| Liver disease | 0.130 | |||
| Yes | 6 (9.5) | 4 (16.7) | 2 (5.1) | |
| No | 57 (90.5) | 20 (83.3) | 37 (94.9) | |
| Hypertension | 0.980 | |||
| Yes | 34 (53.1) | 13 (54.2) | 21 (53.8) | |
| No | 29 (45.3) | 11 (45.8) | 18 (46.2) | |
| Heart failure | 0.128 | |||
| Yes | 8 (12.7) | 5 (20.8) | 3 (7.7) | |
| No | 55 (87.3) | 19 (79.2) | 36 (92.3) | |
| T2DM | 0.623 | |||
| Yes | 18 (28.1) | 6 (25.0) | 12 (30.8) | |
| No | 45 (70.3) | 18 (75.0) | 27 (69.2) | |
| Chronic renal failure | 0.216 | |||
| Yes | 11 (17.5) | 6 (25.0) | 11 (17.5) | |
| No | 52 (82.5) | 18 (75.0) | 52 (82.5) | |
| Asthma | 0.976 | |||
| Yes | 13 (20.6) | 5 (20.8) | 8 (20.5) | |
| No | 50 (79.4) | 19 (79.2) | 31 (79.5) | |
| COPD | 0.677 | |||
| Yes | 14 (22.2) | 6 (25.0) | 8 (20.5) | |
| No | 49 (77.8) | 18 (75.0) | 31 (79.5) | |
| Active cancer | 0.896 | |||
| Yes | 11 (17.5) | 4 (16.7) | 7 (17.9) | |
| No | 52 (82.5) | 20 (83.3) | 32 (82.1) | |
| CRP, mg/L | 0.598 | |||
| ≥10 | 52 (82.5) | 12 (50.0) | 15 (38.5) | |
| ≥80 | 31 (49.2) | 4 (16.7) | 10 (25.6) | |
| ≥150 | 14 (22.2) | 8 (33.3) | 14 (35.9) | |
| Albumin, g/L | 0.541 | |||
| <25 | 13 (20.6) | 4 (16.7) | 9 (23.1) | |
| ≥25 | 50 (79.4) | 20 (83.3) | 30 (76.9) | |
| NLR | 0.245 | |||
| <3 | 10 (15.6) | 6 (25.0 | 4 (10.3) | |
| 3–5 | 12 (18.8) | 5 (20.8) | 7 (17.9) | |
| >5 | 41 (64.1) | 13 (54.2) | 28 (68.3) | |
| poGPS | 0.452 | |||
| 0 | 41 (65.1) | 7 (29.2) | 15 (38.5) | |
| 1–2 | 22 (34.9) | 17 (70.8) | 24 (61.5) | |
| ITU admission | 0.862 | |||
| Yes | 3 (4.8) | 1 (4.2) | 2 (5.1) | |
| No | 60 (95.2) | 23 (95.8) | 37 (94.9) | |
| 30-d mortality | 0.029 | |||
| Yes | 11 (17.5) | 1 (4.2) | 10 (25.6) | |
| No | 52 (82.5) | 23 (95.8) | 29 (74.4) |
1Values are n (%). COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; COVID-19, coronavirus disease; CRP, C-reactive protein; Hx., history; ITU, intensive therapy or care unit; NLR, neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio; poGPS, perioperative Glasgow Prognostic Score; SMI, skeletal muscle index; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus.
2
Low SMI defined as BMI <25 kg/m2 and SMI <43 cm2/m2, or BMI ≥25 and SMI <53 cm2/m2 for males; and BMI <25 and SMI <41 cm2/m2, or BMI ≥25 and SMI <41 cm2/m2 for females.
3
P value is from χ2 analysis.