TABLE 6.
Clinicopathological characteristics and clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19 as stratified by SMD1
| Clinicopathological characteristic | All, n = 63 | Normal/high SMD, n = 12 (19.0%) | Low SMD,2n = 51 (81.0%) | P value3 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | 0.035 | |||
| Male | 30 (47.6) | 9 (75.0) | 21 (41.2) | |
| Female | 33 (52.4) | 3 (25.0) | 30 (58.8) | |
| Age, y | 0.173 | |||
| <70 | 21 (33.3) | 6 (50.0) | 15 (29.4) | |
| ≥70 | 42 (66.7) | 6 (50.0) | 36 (70.6) | |
| Ethnicity | 0.316 | |||
| White | 59 (93.7) | 12 (100) | 47 (92.2) | |
| Other | 4 (6.3) | 0 (0) | 4 (7.8) | |
| BMI, kg/m2 | <0.001 | |||
| 25–29 | 16 (51.6) | 10 (83.3) | 6 (11.8) | |
| ≥30 | 15 (48.4) | 2 (16.7) | 13 (25.5) | |
| Smoking status | 0.878 | |||
| Current | 10 (15.9) | 2 (16.7) | 8 (15.7) | |
| Ex | 28 (44.4) | 6 (50.0) | 22 (43.1) | |
| Never | 25 (39.7) | 4 (33.3) | 21 (41.2) | |
| Alcohol excess Hx. | 0.107 | |||
| Yes | 11 (17.5) | 4 (33.3) | 7 (13.7) | |
| No | 52 (82.5) | 8 (66.7) | 44 (86.3) | |
| Clinical frailty | 0.175 | |||
| Yes | 45 (71.4) | 7 (58.3) | 38 (77.6) | |
| No | 16 (25.4) | 5 (41.7) | 11 (22.4) | |
| Liver disease | 0.876 | |||
| Yes | 6 (9.5) | 1 (8.3) | 5 (9.8) | |
| No | 57 (90.5) | 11 (91.7) | 46 (90.2) | |
| Hypertension | 0.759 | |||
| Yes | 34 (53.1) | 6 (50.0) | 28 (54.9) | |
| No | 29 (45.3) | 6 (50.0) | 23 (45.1) | |
| Heart failure | 0.614 | |||
| Yes | 8 (12.7) | 1 (8.3) | 7 (13.7) | |
| No | 55 (87.3) | 11 (91.7) | 44 (86.3) | |
| T2DM | 0.685 | |||
| Yes | 18 (28.1) | 4 (33.3) | 14 (27.5) | |
| No | 45 (70.3) | 8 (66.7) | 37 (72.5) | |
| Chronic renal failure | 0.355 | |||
| Yes | 11 (17.5) | 1 (8.3) | 10 (19.6) | |
| No | 52 (82.5) | 11 (91.7) | 41 (80.4) | |
| Asthma | 0.242 | |||
| Yes | 13 (20.6) | 1 (8.3) | 12 (23.5) | |
| No | 50 (79.4) | 11 (91.7) | 39 (76.5) | |
| COPD | 0.607 | |||
| Yes | 14 (22.2) | 2 (16.7) | 12 (23.5) | |
| No | 49 (77.8) | 10 (83.3) | 39 (76.5) | |
| Active cancer | 0.355 | |||
| Yes | 11 (17.5) | 1 (8.3) | 10 (19.6) | |
| No | 52 (82.5) | 11 (91.7) | 41 (80.4) | |
| CRP, mg/L | 0.817 | |||
| ≥10 | 52 (82.5) | 5 (41.7) | 22 (43.1) | |
| ≥80 | 31 (49.2) | 2 (16.7) | 12 (23.5) | |
| ≥150 | 14 (22.2) | 5 (41.7) | 17 (33.3) | |
| Albumin, g/L | 0.242 | |||
| <25 | 13 (20.6) | 1 (8.3) | 12 (23.5) | |
| ≥25 | 50 (79.4) | 11 (91.7) | 39 (76.5) | |
| NLR | 0.456 | |||
| <3 | 10 (15.6) | 3 (25.0) | 7 (13.7) | |
| 3–5 | 12 (18.8) | 3 (25.0) | 9 (17.6) | |
| >5 | 41 (64.1) | 6 (50.0) | 35 (68.6) | |
| poGPS | 0.898 | |||
| 0 | 41 (65.1) | 8 (66.7) | 18 (35.3) | |
| 1–2 | 22 (34.9) | 4 (33.3) | 33 (64.7) | |
| ITU admission | 0.518 | |||
| Yes | 3 (4.8) | 1 (8.3) | 2 (3.9) | |
| No | 60 (95.2) | 11 (91.7) | 49 (96.1) | |
| 30-dmortality | 0.355 | |||
| Yes | 11 (17.5) | 1 (8.3) | 11 (17.5) | |
| No | 52 (82.5) | 11 (91.7) | 52 (82.5) |
1Values are n (%). COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; COVID-19, coronavirus disease; CRP, C-reactive protein; HU, Hounsfield unit; Hx., history; ITU, intensive therapy or care unit; NLR, neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio; poGPS, perioperative Glasgow Prognostic Score; SMD, skeletal muscle radiodensity; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus.
2
Low SMD defined as BMI <25 kg/m2 and SMD <41 HU, or BMI ≥25 and SMD <33 HU for both sexes.
3
P value is from χ2 analysis.