Table 2.

Description of the macro-level variables: COVID-19-related and institutional country characteristics, by country

	Sample sizea	COVID-19 morbidityb	COVID-19 mortalityb	Healthcare system	UHC index	CHIc	‘Old’ versus ‘New’ Europe
Belgium	3192	514.58	81.66	Bismarck	87	62.46	‘Old’ Europe
Bulgaria	756	35.90	2.00	Bismarck	63	54.04	‘New’ Europe
Croatia	1700	55.10	2.53	Bismarck	79	68.72	‘New’ Europe
Cyprus	556	107.66	1.94	Beveridge	80	69.76	‘Old’ Europe
Czech Republic	2138	86.67	3.00	Bismarck	82	62.69	‘New’ Europe
Denmark	1788	200.36	9.83	Beveridge	84	55.08	‘Old’ Europe
Estonia	3352	140.77	4.76	Bismarck	82	49.52	‘New’ Europe
Finland	1158	123.71	5.73	Beveridge	91	47.74	‘Old’ Europe
France	1685	226.07	42.93	Bismarck	91	67.24	‘Old’ Europe
Germany	2370	218.60	10.24	Bismarck	86	58.34	‘Old’ Europe
Greece	2280	27.18	1.63	Bismarck	80	57.43	‘Old’ Europe
Hungary	660	39.57	5.36	Bismarck	72	60.43	‘New’ Europe
Israel	963	199.69	3.33	Bismarck	81	70.52	‘Old’ Europe
Italy	2878	385.46	55.24	Beveridge	89	74.25	‘Old’ Europe
Latvia	849	55.47	1.25	Beveridge	70	52.07	‘New’ Europe
Lithuania	1093	59.77	2.51	Bismarck	70	62.77	‘New’ Europe
Luxembourg	667	654.18	17.92	Bismarck	91	62.07	‘Old’ Europe
Malta	702	125.01	1.82	Beveridge	83	72.50	‘Old’ Europe
Poland	2628	62.07	2.79	Bismarck	73	60.90	‘New’ Europe
Portugal	815	313.36	13.58	Beveridge	84	63.78	‘Old’ Europe
Romania	1259	98.55	6.45	Bismarck	70	61.47	‘New’ Europe
Slovakia	743	27.91	0.51	Bismarck	78	64.00	‘New’ Europe
Slovenia	2545	70.79	5.19	Bismarck	90	64.80	‘New’ Europe
Spain	1509	510.11	57.79	Beveridge	90	63.40	‘Old’ Europe
Sweden	1075	375.27	44.96	Beveridge	90	47.72	‘Old’ Europe
Switzerland	1558	360.02	19.38	Bismarck	93	54.65	‘Old’ Europe

See text for data sources. ^aUnweighted values. ^bRefers to time period until 31 May 2020. ^cAverage for time period from 12 March 2020 until 31 May 2020