Table 3.
Determinants of limited access to healthcare for older Europeans due to the outbreak of COVID-19
| Outcome 1: Forwent | Outcome 2: Postponed | Outcome 3: Denied | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pooled | Multilevel | Pooled | Multilevel | Pooled | Multilevel | |
| Age | ||||||
| 50–64 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| 65–79 | 0.909** | 0.912* | 0.900*** | 0.900*** | 0.881* | 0.879* |
| 80+ | 0.786*** | 0.789*** | 0.643*** | 0.643*** | 0.640*** | 0.638*** |
| Gender | ||||||
| Male | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Female | 1.543*** | 1.541*** | 1.201*** | 1.201*** | 1.102** | 1.102** |
| Education (SHARE w7) | ||||||
| Low | 0.826*** | 0.825*** | 0.822*** | 0.823*** | 0.877** | 0.879** |
| Medium | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| High | 1.301*** | 1.302*** | 1.156*** | 1.156*** | 1.232*** | 1.239*** |
| Living arrangements (SHARE w7) | ||||||
| Does not live alone | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Lives alone | 0.983 | 0.984 | 0.967 | 0.967 | 0.999 | 1.003 |
| Area of residence (SHARE w7) | ||||||
| Rural | 0.944* | 0.942* | 0.954* | 0.954* | 0.885** | 0.885** |
| Urban | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Job situation (SHARE w7) | ||||||
| Retired | 1.112** | 1.109** | 1.053 | 1.053 | 0.961 | 0.959 |
| Working | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Other | 0.991 | 0.990 | 0.969 | 0.970 | 1.051 | 1.052 |
| Ability to make ends meet since outbreak | ||||||
| With great difficulty | 1.415*** | 1.404*** | 0.984 | 0.977 | 1.406*** | 1.384*** |
| With some difficulty | 1.160*** | 1.152*** | 0.897*** | 0.894*** | 1.087 | 1.082 |
| Fairly easily | 0.998 | 0.993 | 0.930** | 0.930** | 1.010 | 1.013 |
| Easily | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Self-rated health (SRH) before Corona | ||||||
| Excellent | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Very good | 1.329*** | 1.328*** | 1.094 | 1.094 | 1.396** | 1.397** |
| Good | 1.503*** | 1.498*** | 1.290*** | 1.289*** | 1.630*** | 1.631*** |
| Fair | 1.936*** | 1.927*** | 1.608*** | 1.607*** | 2.153*** | 2.161*** |
| Poor | 2.019*** | 2.006*** | 1.581*** | 1.580*** | 2.580*** | 2.598*** |
| Change in SRH since Corona | ||||||
| About the same | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Improved | 1.300*** | 1.302*** | 1.293*** | 1.293*** | 1.131 | 1.131 |
| Worsened | 1.512*** | 1.514*** | 1.238*** | 1.239*** | 1.913*** | 1.919*** |
| Diagnosed with a major illness since last interview | ||||||
| Yes | 1.115** | 1.115** | 1.422*** | 1.421*** | 1.479*** | 1.476*** |
| No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Regularly takes prescription drugs | ||||||
| Yes | 1.495*** | 1.496*** | 1.876*** | 1.876*** | 1.270*** | 1.266*** |
| No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Times a hospital patient within last 12 months (SHARE w7) | ||||||
| None | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| 1 | 0.978 | 0.979 | 1.173*** | 1.174*** | 1.140* | 1.141* |
| 2 | 1.028 | 1.029 | 1.321*** | 1.320*** | 1.387** | 1.384** |
| 3 + | 1.183 | 1.184 | 1.111 | 1.111 | 1.207 | 1.208 |
| ADL limitations | ||||||
| No ADL limitations | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| 1 + ADL limitations | 0.913 | 0.911 | 1.004 | 1.004 | 1.040 | 1.042 |
| IADL limitations | ||||||
| No IADL limitations | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| 1 + IADL limitations | 1.003 | 1.004 | 0.923** | 0.923** | 0.829** | 0.828** |
| Chronic conditions | ||||||
| Less than 2 diseases | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| 2 + chronic diseases | 1.270*** | 1.270*** | 1.258*** | 1.259*** | 1.332*** | 1.333*** |
| Observations | 40,919 | 40,919 | 40,919 | 40,919 | 40,919 | 40,919 |
| Country controls | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No |
| Multilevel ICC (from the null model) | – | 0.063 | – | 0.155 | – | 0.077 |
Odds ratio estimates based on combined data from SHARE Wave 7 Release 7.1.1, SHARE Corona Survey Release 0.0.1 beta (N = 40,919); * p < 0.1, ** p < 0.05, *** p < 0.01