Fig. 2. DOCTOR exhibits increased synergistic potency against cancerous (A431) human keratinocytes with less toxicity to the healthy cells.

(A) When treated with A431, the IC₅₀ dose of DOX in formulations DOCTOR R2, DOCTOR R5, and DOCTOR R15 were approximately 140-fold, 60-fold, and 17-fold lower than the IC₅₀ dose of DOX in HA-DOX (table S3A). (B) Among the three different ratios tested, the molar ratio of DOX:CPT R15 was identified to be the least toxic to HEKa cells (table S3B). (C) When treated with DOCTOR R15, approximately 60 and 76% of A431 cells were killed while affecting only ~5 and ~17% of HEKa cells. Error bars represent means ± SEM (n = 3). Significantly different compared to the HEKa cells: *P < 0.05.