Table 2.
Frequency of DM, AIT, JIA, and IBDa in relation with maternal backgrounds, delivery method, and perinatal factors. Of 11,407 children in the study population, 245 received primary diagnoses and 9 received secondary diagnoses as well. Medical Birth Register was available for 11,380 children
| Diagnosis | DM (N = 102) |
AIT (N = 68) |
JIA (N = 55) |
IBD (N = 29) |
Children with primary diagnoses (N = 245) |
Children without diagnoses (N = 11,135) |
p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal employment status (%) | 0.655b | ||||||
| - Upper-level employees | 35 (34.3) | 13 (19.1) | 14 (25.5) | 10 (34.5) | 71 (29.0) | 3096 (27.8) | |
| - Lower-level employees | 38 (37.2) | 33 (48.5) | 20 (36.4) | 10 (34.5) | 97 (39.6) | 4199 (37.7) | |
| - Manual and self-employed workers | 9 (8.8) | 7 (10.3) | 10 (18.2) | 4(13.8) | 28 (11.4) | 1375 (12.3) | |
| - Students | 6 (5.9) | 7 (10.3) | 6 (10.9) | 3 (10.3) | 21 (8.6) | 1106 (9.9) | |
| - Housewives | 7 (6.9) | 4 (5.9) | 4 (7.3) | 2 (6.9) | 17 (6.9) | 628 (5.6) | |
| - Unemployed, pensioners | 0 | 1 (1.5) | 0 | 0 | 1 (0.4) | 31 (0.3) | |
| - Missing data | 7 (6.9) | 3 (4.4) | 1 (1.8) | 0 | 10 (4.0) | 701 (6.3) | |
| Mother’s smoking habit (%) | 0.825b | ||||||
| - Not smoking | 87 (85.3) | 59 (86.8) | 49 (89.1) | 26 (89.7) | 213 (86.9) | 9333 (83.8) | |
| - Quitted during 1st trimester | 3 (2.9) | 1 (1.5) | 2 (3.6) | 0 | 6 (2.4) | 190 (1.7) | |
| - Smoked after 1st trimester | 7 (6.9) | 7(10.2) | 2 (3.6) | 2 (6.9) | 17 (6.9) | 835 (7.5) | |
| - Missing data | 5 (4.9) | 1 (1.5) | 2 (3.6) | 1 (3.4) | 9 (3.7) | 778 (7.0) | |
| Maternal age, mean ± SD | 31.0 ± 5.3 | 30.5 ± 5.3 | 29.8 ± 5.5 | 33.0 ± 5.1c* | 30.9 ± 5.3 | 30.2 ± 5.2 | 0.480c |
| - Missing data (%) | 2 (2.0) | 1 (1.5) | 0 | 0 | 3 (1.2) | 471 (4.2) | |
| Children’s birth year (%) | 0.316b | ||||||
| - 2000 | 16 (15.7) | 14 (20.6) | 9(16.4) | 3(10.3) | 41 (16.7) | 1587 (14.3) | |
| - 2001 | 24 (23.5) | 20 (29.4) | 8(14.5) | 10 (34.5) | 59 (24.1) | 2498 (22.4) | |
| - 2002 | 31 (30.4) | 29 (42.6) | 24 (43.6) | 10 (34.5) | 90 (36.7) | 3513 (31.5) | |
| - 2003 | 9 (8.8) | 2 (2.9) | 8(14.5) | 2 (6.9) | 20(8.2) | 1038(9.3) | |
| - 2004 | 10(9.8) | 1 (1.5) | 4 (7.3) | 4(13.8) | 19(7.8) | 1190 (10.7) | |
| - 2005 | 10(9.8) | 1 (1.5) | 2 (3.6) | 0 | 13(5.3) | 851 (7.6) | |
| - Missing data | 2 (2.0) | 1 (1.5) | 0 | 0 | 3 (1.2) | 458 (4.1) | |
| Parity, median | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.540d |
| (IQR) | (0–2) | (0–2) | (0–2) | (0–3) | (0–2) | (0–2) | |
| (Range) | (0–3) | (0–4) | (0–11) | (0–6) | (0–11) | (0–14) | |
| - Missing data (%) | 3 (2.9) | 1 (1.5) | 0 | 0 | 4 (1.6) | 477 (4.3) | |
| Delivery method (%) | 0.430b | ||||||
| - Normal vaginal delivery | 77 (75.5) | 53 (77.9) | 45 (81.8) | 19 (65.5) | 186 (75.9) | 8125 (73.0) | |
| - Forceps or vacuum extraction | 3 (2.9) | 5 (7.4) | 3 (5.5) | 3 (10.3) | 14 (5.7) | 710 (6.4) | |
| - Cesarean section | 19 (18.6) | 9(13.2) | 7(12.7) | 7 (24.1) | 41 (16.7) | 1805 (16.2) | |
| - Missing data | 3 (2.9) | 1 (1.5) | 0 | 0 | 4 (1.6) | 496 (4.5) | |
| Birthweight (g), mean ± SD | 3471 ± 573 | 3393 ± 575 | 3394 ± 593 | 3553 ± 628 | 3440 ± 590 | 3515 ± 559 | 0.993c |
| - Missing data (%) | 3 (2.9) | 1 (1.5) | 0 | 0 | 4 (1.6) | 474 (4.3) | |
| Birth height (cm), mean ± SD | 49.9 ± 2.8 | 49.8 ± 2.5 | 49.9 ± 2.9 | 50.5 ± 2.8 | 49.9 ± 2.7 | 50.2 ± 2.5 | 0.905c |
| - Missing data (%) | 3 (2.9) | 1 (1.5) | 0 | 0 | 4 (1.6) | 507 (4.6) | |
| Length of gestation (%) | 0.035b | ||||||
| - ≥ 37 weeks | 90 (88.2) | 63 (92.6) | 50 (90.9) | 25 (86.2) | 219 (89.4) | 10,044 (90.2) | |
| - < 37 weeks | 9 (8.8) | 4 ( 5.9) | 4 (7.3) | 4(13.8) | 21 (8.6) | 593 (5.3) | |
| - Missing data | 3 (2.9) | 1 (1.5) | 1 (1.8) | 0 | 5 (2.0) | 499 (4.5) | |
| Postnatal antibiotic treatments (%) | 5 (5.4) | 3 (4.5) | 5 (9.1) | 3 (10.3) | 16 (6.6) | 487 (4.6) | 0.135b |
| - Missing data | 2 (2.0) | 1 (1.5) | 0 | 0 | 3 (1.2) | 471 (4.2) | |
| Inpatient length of stay (days), median (range) | 3 (1–39) | 3 (2–12) | 3 (2–9) | 3 (2–7) | 3 (1–39) | 3 (0–71) | 0.978d |
| - Missing data (%) | 3 (2.9) | 1 (1.5) | 0 | 0 | 4 (1.6) | 479 (4.3) |
aDM = type 1 diabetes mellitus, AIT = autoimmune thyroiditis, JIA = juvenile idiopathic arthritis, IBD = inflammatory bowel diseases
bChi-square test for children with primary diagnoses and without diagnoses
cIndependent sample t test for children with primary diagnoses and without diagnoses
c*When compared with children without diagnoses using independent sample t test, p = 0.004
dKruskall-Wallis H test for children with primary diagnoses and without diagnoses