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. 2021 Mar 10;78(10):4615–4637. doi: 10.1007/s00018-021-03802-0

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Putative effect of ROS/RCS on OPC (epi)genetics, mitochondria, cell signalling and cell differentiation. Oxidative stress (lightning bolts) affects many cellular compartments. In OPCs, this can lead to inadequate differentiation and impaired (re)myelination capacity. At the nuclear DNA (nDNA) level, oxidative stress may trigger multiple (epi)genetic alterations in OPCs (shown on the left). In addition, oxidative stress-induced changes in metabolism, mitochondrial function and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) may also contribute to the observed differentiation block in neurodegeneration. ETC electron transport chain. Figure created in BioRender