Table 1:
Human Clinical Research Biomarkers Evaluated in Chronic Kidney Injury and Disease in Animals
| Marker | Matrix | Source | Usage | Veterinary Diagnostics | Veterinary Research | Preclinical Research |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| KIM-1 | Urine | ↑PCT Released | Tubular Injury/Regeneration | X | X | X |
| KIM-1 | Blood | ↑PCT Released | Tubular Injury/Regeneration | - | X | -a |
| NGAL | Urine | ↑Tubular Released | Tubular Injury/Regeneration | X | X | X |
| NGAL | Blood | ↑Tubular Released | Tubular Injury/Regeneration | X | X | - |
| CysC | Urine | ↓PCT Resorption | Tubular Injury | X | X | X |
| CysC | Blood | Glomerular Filtration | eGFR | X | X | -a |
| SDMA | Blood | Glomerular Filtration | eGFR | X | X | X |
| DKK3 | Urine | ↑Tubular Released | Tubular Injury/Fibrosis | - | X | X |
| DKK3 | Blood | ↑Tubular Released | Tubular Injury/Fibrosis | - | X | X |
| B2M | Urine | ↓PCT Resorption | Tubular Injury | - | X | -a |
| B2M | Blood | Glomerular Filtration | eGFR | - | X | -a |
| UMOD | Urine | ↓TAL/DT Released | Tubular Injury/Fibrosis | - | X | -a |
| UMOD | Blood | ↓TAL/DT Released | Tubular Injury/Fibrosis | - | - | - |
| BTP | Blood | Glomerular Filtration | eGFR | - | - | - |
a
Acute kidney injury reports published, but no chronic injury usage reported. KIM-1: kidney injury molecule 1, NGAL: neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, CysC: cystatin C, SMDA: symmetric dimethylarginine, DKK3: dickkopf homolog 3, B2M: beta-2 microglobulin, BTP: beta trace protein, UMOD: uromodulin, PCT: proximal convoluted tubule, TAL: thick ascending limb, DT: distal tubule, eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate