Table 1.
Characteristics of Pediatric Thyroid Cancer Cases and Controls, Born in California During the Years 1978–2011
| Cases |
Controls |
p-Valuea | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
n = 1012 |
n = 50,600 |
||
| n (%) | n (%) | ||
| Cancer subtype | |||
| Papillary | 845 (83) | — | |
| Follicular | 87 (9) | — | |
| Medullary | 53 (5) | — | |
| Other | 27 (3) | — | |
| Birth year | |||
| 1978–1982 | 131 (12.9) | 6550 (12.9) | 1.00 |
| 1983–1987 | 157 (15.5) | 7850 (15.5) | |
| 1988–1992 | 279 (27.6) | 13,950 (27.6) | |
| 1993–2011 | 445 (44.0) | 22,250 (44.0) | |
| Age at diagnosis (years) | |||
| 0–14 | 315 (31.1) | — | |
| 15–19 | 697 (68.9) | — | |
| Sex | |||
| Female | 823 (81.3) | 24,565 (48.5) | <0.01 |
| Male | 189 (18.7) | 26,035 (51.5) | |
| Race/ethnicity | |||
| White | 380 (37.5) | 18,235 (36.0) | <0.01 |
| Black | 31 (3.1) | 4338 (8.6) | |
| Hispanic | 480 (47.4) | 22,511 (44.5) | |
| Asian | 116 (11.5) | 4955 (9.8) | |
| Other | 5 (0.5) | 561 (1.1) | |
| Birth weight (g) | |||
| 250–2499 | 47 (4.6) | 2958 (6) | 0.28 |
| 2500–2999 | 159 (15.7) | 7743 (15.2) | |
| 3000–3499 | 362 (35.8) | 19,015 (36.8) | |
| 3500–3999 | 328 (32.4) | 15,320 (30.6) | |
| 4000+ | 116 (11.5) | 5564 (11.3) | |
| Mean (std) | 3393 (543) | 3367 (581) | 0.13 |
| Maternal age (years) | |||
| <20 | 75 (7.4) | 6044 (11.9) | <0.01 |
| 20–24 | 249 (24.6) | 13,394 (26.5) | |
| 25–29 | 324 (32.0) | 14,603 (28.9) | |
| 30–34 | 237 (23.4) | 10,924 (21.6) | |
| ≥35 | 127 (12.5) | 5635 (11.1) | |
| Maternal education (years) | |||
| ≤8 | 72 (7.1) | 5009 (9.9) | <0.01 |
| 9–11 | 105 (10.4) | 6439 (12.7) | |
| 12 | 184 (18.2) | 10,234 (20.2) | |
| 13–15 | 171 (16.9) | 6779 (13.4) | |
| 16+ | 154 (15.2) | 5840 (11.5) | |
| Unknown | 326 (32.2) | 16,302 (32.2) | |
| Maternal birthplace | |||
| United States | 569 (56.2) | 30,538 (60.4) | <0.01 |
| Foreign | 443 (43.8) | 20,062 (39.6) | |
| Paternal age (years) | |||
| <25 | 196 (19.4) | 11,813 (23.3) | <0.01 |
| 25–29 | 284 (28.1) | 13,496 (26.7) | |
| 30–34 | 244 (24.1) | 11,940 (23.6) | |
| 35–39 | 165 (16.3) | 6650 (13.1) | |
| ≥40 | 85 (8.4) | 3822 (7.6) | |
| Unknown | 38 (3.8) | 2879 (5.7) | |
| Gestational age (weeks) | |||
| 37–41 | 93 (9.2) | 4784 (9.5) | 0.51 |
| 22–36 | 767 (75.8) | 37,484 (74.1) | |
| 42–44 | 89 (8.8) | 4925 (9.7) | |
| Unknown | 63 (6.2) | 3407 (6.7) | |
| Birth order | |||
| First | 406 (40.1) | 20,342 (40.2) | 0.05 |
| Second | 347 (34.3) | 15,823 (31.3) | |
| Third+ | 259 (25.6) | 14,435 (28.5) | |
| Mode of delivery | |||
| Vaginal | 795 (78.6) | 39,618 (78.3) | 0.84 |
| C-section | 217 (21.4) | 10,982 (21.7) | |
| Miscarriage/stillbirth | |||
| Never | 829 (81.9) | 41,810 (82.6) | 0.55 |
| Ever | 183 (18.1) | 8790 (17.3) | |
| Pregnancy complication | |||
| Never | 835 (82.5) | 41,660 (82.2) | 0.91 |
| Ever | 155 (15.3) | 7811 (15.5) | |
| Unknown | 22 (2.2) | 1129 (2.3) | |
| Previous C-section | |||
| Never | 90 (89.5) | 45,367 (89.7) | 0.76 |
| Ever | 89 (8.8) | 4306 (8.5) | |
| Unknown | 17 (1.7) | 927 (1.8) | |
a
p-Value corresponds to χ2 test.