Fig. 3. Associations between non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) and county-level characteristics on transmission.
a Associations between NPIs and county-level characteristics estimated from the main model (n = 31,072 county-weeks). Models were fitted with both generalized estimating equations (GEEs, red) and ordinary least squares (OLS, blue) models. Data are presented as mean and 95% confidence interval. The order in y-axis (same for c) is according to the importance of covariates in explaining the variances shown in b. b The importance of covariates in explaining the variances. Main models that were formulated for OLS models and fitted to least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) with increasing parsimony. c Changes in the estimated effects when each covariate is dropped in the main OLS model.