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. 2021 Jun 11;12:3554. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-23267-w

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — Volcano plots showing differential cytokine concentrations in nasal lining fluid and serum of PCR-confirmed COVID-19, PCR−/IgG+ SARI and PCR−/IgG− SARI patients compared to health controls. The horizontal dotted line represents a cut-off for statistical significance, while the vertical dotted line represents a cut-off point for determining whether the levels of the cytokines were higher (right, red) or lower (left, blue) compared to healthy controls. Data were analysed using empirical Bayes moderated two-sided t-tests and adjusted p values are reported (healthy controls, n = 25; PCR-confirmed COVID-19, n = 25; PCR−/IgG+ SARI, n = 16; PCR−/IgG− SARI, n = 11). SARS-CoV-2 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, COVID-19 coronavirus disease of 2019, PCR polymerase chain reaction, IgG immunoglobulin G, SARI severe acute respiratory infection. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.