Table 1.

Clinical characteristics.

	Units	PCR+ (n = 41)	PCR−/IgG+ (n = 25)	PCR−/IgG− (n = 21)	P value	Healthy control (n = 24)
Male	n (%)	30 (73)	18 (72)	12 (57)	0.455a	20 (83)
Age	median (IQR)	50 (42–65)	34 (25–51)	41 (37–60)	0.027b	23 (22–25)
Days from symptom onset to hospital admission	median (IQR)	4 (2–7)	6 (2–13)	4 (3–14)	0.814b	NA
Days from hospital admission to research sample	Median (IQR)	4 (3–6)	3 (1–4)	1 (1–2)	0.003b	NA
HIV seropositive	n (%)	9 (31c)	9 (45c)	9 (64c)	0.110a	0 (0)
TB positive	n (%)	1 (2)	0 (0)	0 (0)	1.000a	0 (0)
Malaria positive	n (%)	2 (5c)	1 (5c)	0 (0c)	0.157a	0 (0)
Cardiac disease	n (%)	13 (36c)	5 (25c)	3 (14)	0.204a	0 (0)
Pulmonary disease	n (%)	3 (9c)	0 (0c)	0 (0c)	0.433a	0 (0)
Oxygen required at enrolment	n (%)	21 (54c)	12 (48)	10 (50c)	0.886a	0 (0)
ISARIC 4C clinical severity score	Median (IQR)	5 (4–8)	4 (3–7)	6 (5–8)	0.075b	0 (0–0)
UVA score	Median (IQR)	2 (0–4)	2 (1–3)	4 (2–5)	0.025b	0 (0–0)
Beta-lactam antibiotic administered	n (%)	32 (78)	13 (52)	10 (48)	0.022a	NA
Steroids administered	n (%)	26 (63)	1 (4)	0 (0)	<0.001a	NA
Died in hospital	n (%)	3 (7c)	5 (20c)	9 (43c)	0.009a	NA
Hospital length of stay for survivors	Median (IQR)	8 (6–17)	6 (4–9)	6 (3–8)	0.028b	NA

PCR+ is RT-qPCR confirmed SARS-CoV-2 severe acute respiratory infection (SARI); PCR−/IgG− is patients with SARI who were RT-qPCR negative but IgG positive for SARS-CoV-2; and PCR−/IgG− is patients with SARI who were both RT-qPCR negative and IgG negative for SARS-CoV-2. Healthy controls were ambulant patients with no intercurrent illness who attended an outpatient clinic appointment. ISARIC 4C score calculated using six clinical variables available within dataset as urea and C-reactive protein were not available. UVA universal vital assessment score (low-income country validated clinical severity score).

^aFisher’s exact test.

^bKruskall–Wallis test.

^cProportion (%) positivity calculated using the denominator for individual variables (unknown status classified as missing data).