Table 2.
Quality assessment of the included studies
| No | JBI checklist question | (Alsahab et al., 2021) | (Aw, Woodrow, Ogliari, & Harwood, 2020) | (Blomaard et al., 2021) | (Carter et al., 2020) | (Chinnadurai et al., 2020) | (Cobos-Siles et al., 2020) | (Darvall et al., 2020) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Were the two groups similar and recruited from the same population? | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 2 | Were the exposures measured similarly to assign people? | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 3 | to both exposed and unexposed groups? | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 4 | Was the exposure measured in a valid and reliable way? | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 5 | Were confounding factors identified? | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 6 | Were strategies to deal with confounding factors stated? | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 7 | Were the groups/ participants free of the outcome at the start of the study (or at the moment exposure)? | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 8 | Were the outcomes measured in a valid and reliable way? | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 9 | Was the follow up time reported and sufficient to be long enough for outcomes to occur? | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 10 | Was follow up complete, and if not, were the reasons to loss to follow up described and explored? | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 11 | Were strategies to address incomplete follow up utilized? | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 12 | Was appropriate statistical analysis used? | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Overall Appraisal | Include: 11 | Include: 11 | Include: 11 | Include: 11 | Include: 11 | Include: 11 | Include: 11 | |
| Exclude:1 | Exclude:1 | Exclude:1 | Exclude:1 | Exclude:1 | Exclude:1 | Exclude:1 | ||
| Level of evidence | 3.b cohort study | 3.b cohort study | 3.b cohort study | 3.b cohort study | 3.b cohort study | 3.b cohort study | 3.b cohort study | |
| No | JBI checklist question | (Fagard et al., 2021) | (Hewitt et al., 2020) | (Ho et al., 2020) | (Kundi et al., 2020) | (Labenz et al., 2020) | (Marengoni et al., 2021) | |
| 1 | Were the two groups similar and recruited from the same population? | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| 2 | Were the exposures measured similarly to assign people? | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| 3 | to both exposed and unexposed groups? | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| 4 | Was the exposure measured in a valid and reliable way? | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| 5 | Were confounding factors identified? | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| 6 | Were strategies to deal with confounding factors stated? | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| 7 | Were the groups/ participants free of the outcome at the start of the study (or at the moment exposure)? | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| 8 | Were the outcomes measured in a valid and reliable way? | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| 9 | Was the follow up time reported and sufficient to be long enough for outcomes to occur? | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| 10 | Was follow up complete, and if not, were the reasons to loss to follow up described and explored? | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| 11 | Were strategies to address incomplete follow up utilized? | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 12 | Was appropriate statistical analysis used? | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Overall Appraisal | Include: 11 | Include: 11 | Include: 11 | Include: 11 | Include: 11 | Include: 11 | ||
| Exclude:1 | Exclude:1 | Exclude:1 | Exclude:1 | Exclude:1 | Exclude:1 | |||
| Level of evidence | 3.b cohort study | 3.b cohort study | 3.b cohort study | 3.b cohort study | 3.b cohort study | 3.b cohort study | ||
| No | JBI checklist question | (Mendes et al., 2020) | (Moloney et al., 2020) | (Petermann-Rocha et al., 2020) | (Poco et al., 2021) | (Osuafor et al., 2020) | (Owen et al., 2020) | |
| 1 | Were the two groups similar and recruited from the same population? | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| 2 | Were the exposures measured similarly to assign people? | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| 3 | to both exposed and unexposed groups? | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| 4 | Was the exposure measured in a valid and reliable way? | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| 5 | Were confounding factors identified? | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| 6 | Were strategies to deal with confounding factors stated? | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| 7 | Were the groups/ participants free of the outcome at the start of the study (or at the moment exposure)? | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| 8 | Were the outcomes measured in a valid and reliable way? | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| 9 | Was the follow up time reported and sufficient to be long enough for outcomes to occur? | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| 10 | Was follow up complete, and if not, were the reasons to loss to follow up described and explored? | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| 11 | Were strategies to address incomplete follow up utilized? | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 12 | Was appropriate statistical analysis used? | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Overall Appraisal | Include: 11 | Include: 11 | Include: 11 | Include: 11 | Include: 11 | Include: 11 | ||
| Exclude:1 | Exclude:1 | Exclude:1 | Exclude:1 | Exclude:1 | Exclude:1 | |||
| Level of evidence | 3.b cohort study | 3.b cohort study | 3.b cohort study | 3.b cohort study | 3.b cohort study | 3.b cohort study | ||
| No | JBI checklist question | (Sablerolles et al., 2021) | (Tehrani, Killander, Åstrand, Jakobsson, & Gille-Johnson, 2020) | (Vlachos et al., 2021) | ||||
| 1 | Were the two groups similar and recruited from the same population? | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| 2 | Were the exposures measured similarly to assign people? | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| 3 | to both exposed and unexposed groups? | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| 4 | Was the exposure measured in a valid and reliable way? | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| 5 | Were confounding factors identified? | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| 6 | Were strategies to deal with confounding factors stated? | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| 7 | Were the groups/ participants free of the outcome at the start of the study (or at the moment exposure)? | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| 8 | Were the outcomes measured in a valid and reliable way? | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| 9 | Was the follow up time reported and sufficient to be long enough for outcomes to occur? | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| 10 | Was follow up complete, and if not, were the reasons to loss to follow up described and explored? | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| 11 | Were strategies to address incomplete follow up utilized? | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
| 12 | Was appropriate statistical analysis used? | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Overall Appraisal | Include: 11 | Include: 11 | Include: 11 | |||||
| Exclude:1 | Exclude:1 | Exclude:1 | ||||||
| Level of evidence | 3.b cohort study | 3.b cohort study | 3.b cohort study | |||||