Table 1.
Characteristics Among COVID-19 and Non–COVID-19 Patients in Geriatric Clinics During the First Wave of the Pandemic by Admission Month
| COVID-19, n | Overall |
March |
April |
May |
June |
July |
P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1785 | 195 | 726 | 524 | 271 | 69 | ||
| Confirmed, n (%) | 1675 (93.8) | 183 (93.8) | 687 (94.6) | 494 (94.3) | 250 (92.3) | 61 (88.4) | .23 |
| Suspected, n (%) | 110 (6.2) | 12 (6.2) | 39 (5.4) | 30 (5.7) | 21 (7.7) | 8 (11.6) | |
| Admission from first patient in the cohort, d, median (IQR) | 54.0 (35.0, 79.0) | 20.0 (15.0, 24.0) | 40.0 (33.0, 47.0) | 69.0 (62.0, 77.0) | 97.0 (91.0, 104.0) | 126.0 (121.0, 133.0) | <.001 |
| Age, y, mean (SD) | 82.8 (8.6) | 83.2 (7.6) | 82.5 (8.7) | 83.1 (8.7) | 83.1 (8.5) | 81.9 (8.1) | .55 |
| Age groups, n (%) | .10 | ||||||
| <80 y | 688 (38.5) | 71 (36.4) | 291 (40.1) | 198 (37.8) | 104 (38.4) | 24 (34.8) | |
| 80-<90 y | 656 (36.8) | 83 (42.6) | 260 (35.8) | 181 (34.5) | 97 (35.8) | 35 (50.7) | |
| ≥90 y | 441 (24.7) | 41 (21.0) | 175 (24.1) | 145 (27.7) | 70 (25.8) | 10 (14.5) | |
| Female, % | 939 (52.6) | 110 (56.4) | 376 (51.8) | 277 (52.9) | 143 (52.8) | 33 (47.8) | .74 |
| Diagnoses, n (%) | |||||||
| Hypertension | 826 (46.3) | 74 (37.9) | 341 (47.0) | 246 (46.9) | 133 (49.1) | 32 (46.4) | .16 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 647 (36.2) | 58 (29.7) | 269 (37.1) | 194 (37.0) | 107 (39.5) | 19 (27.5) | .12 |
| Heart failure | 414 (23.2) | 46 (23.6) | 163 (22.5) | 125 (23.9) | 68 (25.1) | 12 (17.4) | .69 |
| Myocardial infarction | 85 (4.8) | 10 (5.1) | 36 (5.0) | 26 (5.0) | 10 (3.7) | 3 (4.3) | .93 |
| Pulmonary disease | 339 (19.0) | 44 (22.6) | 131 (18.0) | 108 (20.6) | 46 (17.0) | 10 (14.5) | .34 |
| Asthma | 73 (4.1) | 9 (4.6) | 32 (4.4) | 24 (4.6) | 6 (2.2) | 2 (2.9) | .50 |
| Cancer | 155 (8.7) | 17 (8.7) | 64 (8.8) | 39 (7.4) | 26 (9.6) | 9 (13.0) | .56 |
| Stroke | 150 (8.4) | 22 (11.3) | 48 (6.6) | 50 (9.5) | 26 (9.6) | 4 (5.8) | .13 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 556 (31.1) | 59 (30.3) | 205 (28.2) | 184 (35.1) | 83 (30.6) | 25 (36.2) | .11 |
| Dementia | 286 (16.0) | 29 (14.9) | 109 (15.0) | 93 (17.7) | 47 (17.3) | 8 (11.6) | .52 |
| Vital signs at admission, mean (SD) | |||||||
| Temperature, °C | 37.1 (0.7) | 37.1 (0.8) | 37.1 (0.7) | 37.0 (0.6) | 37.0 (0.6) | 37.0 (0.6) | .01 |
| SBP, mm Hg | 131.9 (21.2) | 132.6 (19.5) | 132.1 (21.6) | 132.2 (21.6) | 131.0 (21.3) | 129.4 (18.5) | .77 |
| DBP, mm Hg | 73.1 (11.5) | 72.8 (11.0) | 72.8 (11.9) | 73.7 (11.8) | 72.7 (10.7) | 73.1 (10.8) | .65 |
| Pulse rate, per minute | 79.8 (14.3) | 79.8 (15.8) | 79.7 (13.6) | 79.5 (14.2) | 80.1 (15.2) | 82.6 (13.6) | .53 |
| Oxygen saturation, % | 94.6 (5.5) | 93.2 (8.8) | 94.4 (6.3) | 95.0 (3.4) | 95.4 (3.3) | 95.9 (3.3) | <.001 |
| Saturation <90%, n (%) | 115 (6.4) | 25 (12.8) | 55 (7.6) | 25 (4.8) | 9 (3.3) | 1 (1.4) | <.001 |
| Medications at admission to geriatric hospital, n (%) | |||||||
| ACEI | 415 (23.2) | 47 (24.1) | 176 (24.2) | 120 (22.9) | 60 (22.1) | 12 (17.4) | .73 |
| ARB | 448 (25.1) | 47 (24.1) | 185 (25.5) | 120 (22.9) | 74 (27.3) | 22 (31.9) | .42 |
| β-blockers | 905 (50.7) | 110 (56.4) | 361 (49.7) | 258 (49.2) | 138 (50.9) | 38 (55.1) | .43 |
| CCB | 521 (29.2) | 57 (29.2) | 210 (28.9) | 148 (28.2) | 79 (29.2) | 27 (39.1) | .47 |
| Diuretics | 941 (52.7) | 99 (50.8) | 390 (53.7) | 271 (51.7) | 145 (53.5) | 36 (52.2) | .93 |
| Statins | 656 (36.8) | 73 (37.4) | 262 (36.1) | 193 (36.8) | 101 (37.3) | 27 (39.1) | .98 |
| Warfarin | 127 (7.1) | 19 (9.7) | 49 (6.7) | 36 (6.9) | 15 (5.5) | 7 (10.1) | .37 |
| NOAC | 532 (29.6) | 51 (26.2) | 180 (24.8) | 182 (34.7) | 86 (31.7) | 29 (42.0) | .001 |
| LMWH | 802 (44.6) | 33 (16.9) | 335 (46.1) | 247 (47.1) | 153 (56.5) | 28 (40.6) | <.001 |
| Antiplatelets | 583 (32.7) | 59 (30.3) | 246 (33.9) | 157 (30.0) | 96 (35.4) | 25 (36.2) | .39 |
| NSAID | 56 (3.1) | 5 (2.6) | 28 (3.9) | 16 (3.1) | 6 (2.2) | 1 (1.4) | .58 |
| Glucocorticoid | 301 (16.9) | 37 (19.0) | 107 (14.7) | 93 (17.7) | 49 (18.1) | 15 (21.7) | .32 |
| Antibiotics | 688 (38.5) | 93 (47.7) | 297 (40.9) | 182 (34.7) | 90 (33.2) | 26 (37.7) | .01 |
| Hospital stay, d, median (IQR) | 9.0 (6.0, 14.0) | 10.0 (6.0, 17.0) | 9.0 (6.0, 14.0) | 10.0 (7.0, 15.0) | 9.0 (6.0, 13.0) | 9.0 (6.0, 14.0) | .21 |
| In-hospital death, n (%) |
258 (14.5) |
54 (27.7) |
129 (17.8) |
52 (9.9) |
21 (7.7) |
2 (2.9) |
<.001 |
| Non–COVID-19, n |
6744 |
803 |
1095 |
1253 |
1610 |
1983 |
|
| Age, y, mean (SD) | 83.5 (8.2) | 83.5 (8.4) | 83.5 (8.2) | 83.6 (8.4) | 83.6 (8.2) | 83.4 (8.1) | .88 |
| Age groups, n (%) | .97 | ||||||
| <80 y | 2322 (34.4) | 264 (32.9) | 380 (34.7) | 426 (34.0) | 552 (34.3) | 700 (35.3) | |
| 80-<90 y | 2664 (39.5) | 333 (41.5) | 432 (39.5) | 493 (39.3) | 637 (39.6) | 769 (38.8) | |
| ≥90 y | 1758 (26.1) | 206 (25.7) | 283 (25.8) | 334 (26.7) | 421 (26.1) | 514 (25.9) | |
| Female, n (%) | 3983 (59.1) | 472 (58.8) | 651 (59.5) | 740 (59.1) | 932 (57.9) | 1188 (59.9) | .81 |
| Diagnoses, n (%) | |||||||
| Hypertension | 2824 (41.9) | 320 (39.9) | 503 (45.9) | 530 (42.3) | 647 (40.2) | 824 (41.6) | .03 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 1919 (28.5) | 251 (31.3) | 329 (30.0) | 344 (27.5) | 428 (26.6) | 567 (28.6) | .10 |
| Heart failure | 1621 (24.0) | 235 (29.3) | 246 (22.5) | 316 (25.2) | 372 (23.1) | 452 (22.8) | .01 |
| Myocardial infarction | 356 (5.3) | 47 (5.9) | 67 (6.1) | 60 (4.8) | 73 (4.5) | 109 (5.5) | .33 |
| Pulmonary disease | 1075 (15.9) | 145 (18.1) | 158 (14.4) | 200 (16.0) | 270 (16.8) | 302 (15.2) | .19 |
| Asthma | 138 (2.0) | 17 (2.1) | 28 (2.6) | 30 (2.4) | 30 (1.9) | 33 (1.7) | .42 |
| Cancer | 617 (9.1) | 73 (9.1) | 94 (8.6) | 119 (9.5) | 148 (9.2) | 183 (9.2) | .96 |
| Stroke | 690 (10.2) | 71 (8.8) | 113 (10.3) | 128 (10.2) | 170 (10.6) | 208 (10.5) | .73 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 2178 (32.3) | 265 (33.0) | 358 (32.7) | 443 (35.4) | 507 (31.5) | 605 (30.5) | .06 |
| Dementia | 1042 (15.5) | 114 (14.2) | 162 (14.8) | 210 (16.8) | 254 (15.8) | 302 (15.2) | .53 |
| Vital signs at admission, mean (SD) | |||||||
| Temperature, °C | 36.8 (0.5) | 36.8 (0.5) | 36.8 (0.5) | 36.8 (0.5) | 36.9 (0.5) | 36.8 (0.5) | <.001 |
| SBP, mm Hg | 131.3 (25.0) | 132.1 (21.9) | 132.1 (21.0) | 131.0 (20.9) | 130.7 (34.2) | 131.3 (21.6) | .56 |
| DBP, mm Hg | 72.6 (11.4) | 72.7 (12.0) | 73.0 (11.8) | 72.9 (11.2) | 72.1 (11.5) | 72.5 (11.1) | .29 |
| Pulse rate, per minute | 77.8 (13.7) | 78.8 (13.6) | 78.1 (13.7) | 77.6 (13.5) | 77.7 (13.8) | 77.4 (13.9) | .13 |
| Oxygen saturation, % | 96.0 (3.9) | 95.8 (3.9) | 95.9 (4.1) | 96.1 (3.0) | 95.9 (4.5) | 96.2 (3.7) | .02 |
| Saturation <90%, n (%) | 208 (3.1) | 44 (5.5) | 36 (3.3) | 33 (2.6) | 50 (3.1) | 45 (2.3) | .01 |
| Medications at admission to geriatric hospital, n (%) | |||||||
| ACEI | 1542 (22.9) | 198 (24.7) | 239 (21.8) | 273 (21.8) | 387 (24.0) | 445 (22.4) | .35 |
| ARB | 1640 (24.3) | 184 (22.9) | 240 (21.9) | 322 (25.7) | 380 (23.6) | 514 (25.9) | .07 |
| β-blocker | 3527 (52.3) | 443 (55.2) | 549 (50.1) | 663 (52.9) | 826 (51.3) | 1046 (52.7) | .22 |
| CCB | 1967 (29.2) | 218 (27.1) | 320 (29.2) | 354 (28.3) | 470 (29.2) | 605 (30.5) | .43 |
| Diuretics | 3542 (52.5) | 435 (54.2) | 545 (49.8) | 658 (52.5) | 860 (53.4) | 1044 (52.6) | .32 |
| Statins | 2510 (37.2) | 301 (37.5) | 394 (36.0) | 471 (37.6) | 603 (37.5) | 741 (37.4) | .93 |
| Warfarin | 494 (7.3) | 78 (9.7) | 91 (8.3) | 92 (7.3) | 103 (6.4) | 130 (6.6) | .02 |
| NOAC | 1942 (28.8) | 222 (27.6) | 278 (25.4) | 371 (29.6) | 486 (30.2) | 585 (29.5) | .06 |
| LMWH | 1322 (19.6) | 164 (20.4) | 232 (21.2) | 252 (20.1) | 286 (17.8) | 388 (19.6) | .22 |
| Antiplatelets | 2131 (31.6) | 238 (29.6) | 336 (30.7) | 397 (31.7) | 512 (31.8) | 648 (32.7) | .57 |
| NSAID | 309 (4.6) | 32 (4.0) | 52 (4.7) | 47 (3.8) | 77 (4.8) | 101 (5.1) | .40 |
| Glucocorticoid | 1054 (15.6) | 149 (18.6) | 147 (13.4) | 181 (14.4) | 241 (15.0) | 336 (16.9) | .01 |
| Antibiotics | 2316 (34.3) | 308 (38.4) | 371 (33.9) | 408 (32.6) | 542 (33.7) | 687 (34.6) | .09 |
| Hospital days, median (IQR) | 7.0 (5.0, 9.0) | 7.0 (5.0, 10.0) | 6.0 (4.0, 9.0) | 7.0 (5.0, 9.0) | 7.0 (5.0, 10.0) | 7.0 (5.0, 9.0) | <.001 |
| In-hospital death, n (%) | 102 (1.5) | 13 (1.6) | 26 (2.4) | 16 (1.3) | 22 (1.4) | 25 (1.3) | .13 |
ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; CCB, calcium channel blocker; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; IQR, interquartile range; NSAID, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SD, standard deviation.
Numbers are % or mean (SD) or median (IQR) as appropriate. P values were tested with the Jonckheere-Terpstra trend test for continuous data and with linear-by-linear trend test for categorical variables.