Table. Demographic Characteristics and Laboratory Findings for Patients Testing Positive With COVID-19.
| Characteristics | Patients, No. (%) | P value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No anticoagulants given (n = 162) | Prophylactic anticoagulation only (n = 970) | Treatment-dose anticoagulants (n = 219) | ||
| Age, median (IQR), y | 57 (44-71) | 64 (53-76) | 66 (58-76) | <.001 |
| Women | 89 (54.9) | 469 (48.4) | 87 (39.7) | .01 |
| Men | 73 (45.1) | 501 (51.7) | 132 (60.3) | |
| Race | ||||
| Black | 80 (49.4) | 475 (49.0) | 106 (48.4) | .98 |
| White | 67 (41.4) | 384 (39.6) | 89 (40.7) | .89 |
| Asian | 6 (3.7) | 26 (2.7) | 4 (1.8) | .53 |
| Othera | 4 (2.5) | 36 (3.7) | 16 (7.3) | .03 |
| Unknown | 5 (3.1) | 49 (5.1) | 4 (1.8) | .08 |
| Ethnicity | ||||
| Non-Hispanic | 136 (84.0) | 824 (85.0) | 197 (90.0) | .13 |
| Hispanic | 10 (6.2) | 53 (5.5) | 9 (4.1) | .64 |
| Unknown | 16 (9.9) | 93 (9.6) | 13 (5.9) | .22 |
| Skilled nursing facility prior to hospitalization | 18 (11.1) | 115 (11.9) | 34 (15.5) | .29 |
| Length of hospital stay, median (IQR), d | 5 (3-7) | 6 (4-10) | 10 (6-15) | <.001 |
| Comorbiditiesb | ||||
| History of VTE, No./No. (%)c | 2/136 (1.5) | 29/886 (3.3) | 11/210 (5.2) | .16 |
| Charlson Comorbidity Score, median (IQR) | 1 (0-2) | 1 (0-3) | 2 (0-3) | <.001 |
| Peripheral vascular disorders | 6 (3.7) | 37 (3.8) | 11 (5.0) | .70 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 14 (8.6) | 98 (10.1) | 31 (14.2) | .15 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 27 (16.7) | 219 (22.6) | 78 (35.6) | <.001 |
| Congestive heart failure/cardiomyopathy | 17 (10.5) | 110 (11.3) | 38 (17.4) | .04 |
| History of myocardial infarction | 9 (5.6) | 41 (4.2) | 17 (7.8) | .09 |
| Moderate or severe chronic kidney disease | 25 (15.4) | 266 (27.4) | 69 (31.1) | .002 |
| On dialysis prior to hospitalization | 5 (3.1) | 29 (3.0) | 7 (3.2) | .99 |
| Moderate or severe liver disease | 4 (2.5) | 4 (0.4) | 0 (0) | .003 |
| Hypertension | 92 (56.8) | 653 (67.3) | 157 (71.7) | .008 |
| Diabetes | 37 (22.8) | 262 (27.0) | 63 (28.8) | .42 |
| Cancer | 12 (7.4) | 64 (6.6) | 16 (7.3) | .89 |
| Smoking history | ||||
| Never | 105 (64.8) | 588 (60.6) | 100 (45.7) | <.001 |
| Prior | 39 (24.1) | 272 (28.0) | 86 (39.3) | .001 |
| Current/active | 10 (6.2) | 51 (5.3) | 13 (5.9) | .85 |
| Unknown | 8 (4.9) | 59 (6.1) | 20 (9.1) | .18 |
| Severity of illness | ||||
| Received care in an ICU | 24 (14.8) | 258 (26.6) | 127 (58.0) | <.001 |
| Highest level of respiratory support | ||||
| No supplemental oxygen | 62 (38.3) | 207 (21.3) | 21 (9.6) | <.001 |
| Low-flow oxygen | 86 (53.1) | 563 (58.0) | 81 (37.0) | <.001 |
| Heated high-flow nasal cannula | 5 (3.1) | 70 (7.2) | 18 (8.2) | .11 |
| Noninvasive mechanical ventilation | 0 (0) | 12 (1.2) | 6 (2.7) | .06 |
| Mechanical ventilation | 9 (5.6) | 118 (12.2) | 93 (42.5) | <.001 |
| Required vasopressors | 9 (5.6) | 116 (12.0) | 85 (38.8) | <.001 |
| Required new dialysis | 2 (1.2) | 28 (2.9) | 25 (11.4) | <.001 |
| COVID-19 related treatments during hospitalization, No./No. (%)d | ||||
| Hydroxychloroquine | 75/157 (47.8) | 508/925 (54.9) | 124/209 (59.3) | .09 |
| Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin | 44/157 (28.0) | 258/925 (27.9) | 57/209 (27.3) | .98 |
| Vitamin C (oral or intravenous) | 5/157 (3.2) | 126/925 (13.6) | 47/209 (22.5) | <.001 |
| Remdesivir | 0/157 (0) | 20/925 (2.2) | 5/209 (2.4) | .17 |
| IL-6 receptor inhibitor | 1/157 (0.6) | 21/925 (2.3) | 22/209 (10.5) | <.001 |
| Corticosteroids | 19/157 (12.1) | 247/925 (26.7) | 111/209 (53.1) | <.001 |
| Worst admission laboratory findings, median (IQR)e | ||||
| D-dimer, × ULNf | 1.7 (0.9-3.3) | 1.7 (1.1-3.1) | 2.4 (1.2-6.9) | .04 |
| Ferritin, ng/mL | 498 (237-882) | 597 (296-1205) | 848 (376-2000) | .03 |
| CRP, mg/dL | 15.6 (4.8-75.7) | 16.2 (6.9-72.4) | 43.6 (16.2-147.2) | <.001 |
| Creatinine, mg/dLg | 1.0 (0.8-1.4) | 1.1 (0.9-1.5) | 1.2 (0.9-2.0) | <.001 |
| Lowest platelet count, × 103/μL | 193 (158-258) | 192 (148-247) | 189 (148-252) | .71 |
| Worst laboratory findings (entire hospitalization) | ||||
| D-dimer, × ULNf | 1.8 (1.0-3.5) | 2.0 (1.2-3.9) | 6.5 (1.9-10.0) | <.001 |
| Ferritin, ng/mL | 604 (274-957) | 734 (349-1435) | 1233 (503-2376) | <.001 |
| CRP, mg/dL | 18.5 (7.0-75.7) | 21.8 (8.7-104.0) | 88.7 (21.4-203.1) | <.001 |
| Platelet count, × 103/μL | ||||
| Lowest | 185 (147-250) | 180 (138-237) | 169 (130-232) | .12 |
| Highest | 248 (188-321) | 285 (207-385) | 324 (237-444) | <.001 |
Abbreviations: CRP, C-reactive protein; ICU, intensive care unit; IQR, interquartile range; ULN, upper limit of normal; VTE, venous thromboembolism.
SI conversion factors: To convert creatinine to micromoles per liter, multiply by 88.4; CRP to milligrams per liter, multiply by 10; ferritin to micrograms per liter, multiply by 1.0; platelet count to × 109 per liter, multiply by 1.0.
Included in other were American Indian or Alaskan Native, Arab and Chaldean ancestries, Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander, and race other than listed.
Peripheral vascular disorders include amputations from peripheral vascular disease, any arterial occlusive disease or history of a vascular surgery related to peripheral vascular disease. Moderate or severe kidney disease included history of acute or chronic kidney failure including dialysis, kidney transplantation, or creatinine levels more than 3 times the upper limit of normal. Moderate or severe liver disease included documentation of liver disease or complications of decompensated cirrhosis (eg, hepatic encephalopathy). Cancer included any nonskin solid or hematologic malignant neoplasm with or without metastasis.
Data missing for all patients with data collection prior to May 3, 2020.
Data missing for 60 patients.
Laboratory test results in the first 2 days following hospitalization.
D-dimer is reported in terms of number of times the upper limit of normal provided by the laboratory at each hospital. Given variation in reporting, values were capped at 10 times ULN.
Excludes 31 patients on dialysis.