TABLE 3.

Examples of commercially available biopolymer systems for various types of tissue repair.

Manufacturer	Product	Application	Product description	Refs.
Baxter International, Inc. (Deerfield, IL)	TachoSil®	Cardiac Wound Sealant	Contains human fibrinogen and human thrombin to form a fibrin sealant Fibrinogen and thrombin formed on surface of an equine collagen patch Extensive literature on use for many applications other than FDA approved use	40,66,90,149,157,171,195
Collagen Matrix, Inc. (Franklin Lakes, NJ) sold by Stryker® (Kalamazoo, Ml)	NeuroFlex®	Nerve Repair and Regrowth	Type I Collagen mesh Flexible tube, kink-resistant	4,52,93,119,166,167
Collagen Matrix, Inc. (Franklin Lakes, NJ) sold by Stryker® (Kalamazoo, Ml)	NeuroMatrix®	Nerve repair and regrowth	Type I Collagen mesh Flexible tube	4,52,93,119,166,167
Collagen Matrix, Inc. (Franklin Lakes, NJ) sold by Stryker® (Kalamazoo, Ml)	NeuroMend®	Nerve Repair and Regrowth	Type I Collagen mesh Designed to wrap injured nerves for a range of injuries	4,52,93,119,166,167
Cook Biotech, Inc. (West Lafayette, IN)	Dynamatrix®	Wound healing Soft Tissue Reconstruction	Acellular graft containing collagen (types I, III, VI), glycosaminoglycans (hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate A and B, heparin, and heparan sulfate), proteoglycans, growth factors, and fibronectin	19,121,183
Cook Biotech, Inc. (West Lafayette, IN)	BioDesign® Grafts	Brain Surgery Abdominal Reconstruction Wound Healing Cardiac Surgery	Acellular scaffold, non-cross-linked, non-dermis-based graft Forms water tight seal so fluid cannot leak from the closed wound	64,124
Japan Tissue Engineering Co., Ltd. (Gamagori City, Aichi, Japan)	LabCyte Cornea-Model	Corneal epithelium	Trans-well permeable membrane seeded with primary human corneal epithelial cells Epidermal model also available	113
Living Cell Technologies™ (Manukau, Auckland, New Zealand)	DIABECELL®	Type 1 Diabetes	Alginate-based porcine-derived islet of Langerhans cell product	79,112,141,252
Living Cell Technologies™ (Manukau, Auckland, New Zealand)	NTCELL®	Parkinson’s Disease T reatment	Alginate-based choroid plexus cell product	142,252,278
MatTek Corporationa (Ashland, MA)	EpiOcular™	Corneal epithelium	Fully biological scaffold containing human-derived epidermal keratinocytes	161
Medtronic Sofamor Danek (Minneapolis, MN)	INFUSE®	Bone Repair	Absorbable collagen sponge in a metal Delivers recombinant bone morphogenetic protein-2	96,234
Mölnlyke Health Care (Norcross, GA)	Xelma	Ulcers Wound Healing	Extracellular matrix proteins mixed with propylene glycol and alginate	22,164,268,269
Musculoskeletal Transplant Foundation™ (Edison, NJ)	CASCADE® Autologous Platelet System	Soft Tissue Repair Bone Defects	Autologous platelet delivery system using a fibrin gel Arthroscopic delivery, followed by suturing in place	9,77
Organogenesis, Inc. (Canton, MA)	Apligraft®	Skin Ulcers Wound Healing	Cellular material comprised of foreskin-derived neonatal fibroblasts cultured in vitro, combined with bovine type I collagen coated in cultured neonatal keratinocytes First biomaterial with living cells to get FDA approval Achieves complete wound closure in chronic foot ulcers Initial production was not cost effective Shipping affected product reliability 10+ years to make profits	29,44,63,70–72,76,92,109,117,123,208,224,246,249,256,291
Organogenesis, Inc. (Canton, MA)	Dermagraft®	Skin Ulcers Wound Healing	Cellular material comprised of human neonatal fibroblasts seeded on bioabsorbable polyglactin mesh scaffold Cells are cultured over time on the mesh to allow for ECM production on the mesh	80,100,101,155,156,187,199
Skin Ethic Laboratories (Lyon, France)	HCE	Corneal epithelium repair	Permeable polycarbonate substrate seeded with immortalized human corneal epithelial cells	263

^aMatTek Corporation offers a variety of similar products for in vitro analysis.¹⁶¹