Table 7.
Characteristics of included studies – Those who remain behind
| Reference Number | Study (n = 18) | Country | Perspective | # of participants | Data collection | Analysis data | Health focus of study |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [35] | Amin and Ingman, 2014 | Bangladesh | Those who remain behind (respondents were Bangladeshi migrants in the US) | 21 | Interviews (in-depth semi-structured questionnaires) | Thematic coding strategy | Eldercare practices and experiences |
| [41] | Battaglia, 2015 | Mexico | Those who remain behind | 39,133 | Secondary cross data from Mexican National Survey of Demographic Dynamics (ENADID—Encuesta Nacional de Dinámica Demográfica) | IV Regression | Teenage fertility |
| [42] | Beine, Docquier and Schiff, 2013 | Analysis of 175 countries | Those who remain behind (worldwide perspective) | 175 countries |
Secondary data: -Fertility data (WDI) -Bilateral migration stocks (Parsons et al., 2007) - the skilled-to-unskilled ratio of emigration rates from Docquier, Lowell, and Marfouk, 2009 - Data on from the IMF database urbanisation rate (WDI) - the share of Catholics and Muslims in each source country population, and religious dummies; regions are consistent with the World Bank definition. |
-OLS regressions -IV regressions -Dynamic specification model |
Fertility |
| [36] | Chinouya, 2006 | Different sub-Saharan African countries (Zimbabwe, Uganda, Nigeria, Zambia, Burundi, Somalia, South Africa, Kenya and Malawi) | Those who remain behind (respondents were sub-Saharan migrants in the UK) | 60 | Interviews | Framework method | HIV status and transnational childcare taking |
| [43] | Creighton, Goldman, Teruel and Rubalcava, 2011 | Mexico | Those who remain behind | 3593 | Secondary longitudinal data from Mexican Family Life Survey (MxFLS)) | Three-Level Random-Intercept Logistic Regression Models | Overweight / Obesity |
| [44] | De, 2013 | Mexico | Those who remain behind | 11,907 | Secondary data from ENADID (Encuesta Nacional de Dinámica Demográfica or National Survey of Demographic Dynamics) survey |
- Single Equation Probit Models -Instrumental Variable Regression |
Contraceptive use |
| [45] | Diabate and Mesplé-Somps, 2019 | Mali | Those who remain behind | 5138 | Secondary data from ENEM-2009 (Enquête Nationale sur l’Excision au Mali) |
-OLS regression -Instrumental Variable Regression |
Female Genital Mutilation |
| [46] | Fargues, 2011 | Morocco, Turkey, and Egypt | Those who remain behind | MENA countries | Secondary time-series data on birth rates and migrant remittances |
-Demographic analysis -Time correlation |
Birth rates |
| [47] | Frank, 2005 | Mexico | Those who remain behind | 565 | Secondary data from a hospital-based postpartum survey that was implemented in eight different hospitals in Western Mexico (HPS 2001) | Multivariate analysis | Infant health |
| [8] | Levitt and Lamba-Nieves, 2011 | Dominican Republic | Those who remain behind (Dominican Republican Diaspora communities in the US) | 50 | Semi-structured interviews and 20 years of fieldwork | Not stated | Home-Town Associations (HTA) involvement in health-related projects at COO |
| [48] | Lindstrom and Muñoz-Franco, 2005 | Guatemala | Those who remain behind | 2531 | Secondary data from 1995 Guatemalan Survey of Family Health (EGSF) |
- Multilevel linear regression - Multilevel logistic regression |
Contraceptive knowledge and use |
| [49] | Lindstrom and Muñoz-Franco, 2006 | Guatemala | Those who remain behind | 1838 | Secondary data from 1995 Guatemalan Survey of Family Health (EGSF) | Multi-level logistic regression | Maternal health services utilization |
| [37] | Mekonnen and Lohnert, 2018 | Ethiopia | Those who remain behind (Ethiopian Diaspora communities in Germany) | 2 Diaspora associations located in Frankfurt | Key informant interviews, observations, and literature reviews on migration and development | Not stated | Diaspora engagement in health-related development |
| [38] | Patzer, 2018 |
-US -Philippines |
Those who remain behind (respondents in US and Philippines) | Paper focuses on one case study of a migrant family (US-Philippines), supplemented with other observations | Multi-sited ethnography: participant observation, interviews, and the analysis of the use of new media for migrants in the US and those who remain behind in the Philippines | Not stated | Long-distance care and Food consumption |
| [50] | Roosen and Siegel, 2018 | Afghanistan | Those who remain behind | 25,419 | Secondary data from cross-sectional data from the Afghan Mortality Survey (2010) |
-Ordinary least squares regression -Propensity score matching -IV regression |
Birth control knowledge and use |
| [39] | Rubyan-Ling, 2019 | Sierra Leon | Those who remain behind (Sierra Leonean Diaspora communities in the UK) | Interviews: 10 | Participant observation, semi-structured interviews | Not stated | Diaspora mobilization during the Ebola outbreak |
| [5] | Sobiech, 2019 | Ghana | Those who remain behind (Ghanaian Diaspora communities in Germany) | Interviews: 50 | Semi-structured interviews, observations, and documents | Thematic analysis | Diaspora engagement in health-related development |
| [40] | Sriram, George, Baru and Bennett, 2018 | India | Those who remain behind (different domestic, diasporic, and foreign organisations (e.g., from U.S., U.K., Australia, Singapore, and Saudi Arabia)) |
-Interviews: 87 -Document review: 248 -Participant observation: 6 |
In-depth interviews, document review, and non-participant observation of conferences and meetings | Framework method | Transfer of biomedical knowledge |