Table 3.
Heterogeneous Direct and Indirect Associations of Built and Natural Environment with Prevalence of Obesity and COVID-19 Mortality Rate.
| Variables | Direct Effect on COVID-19 Mortality Rate |
Direct Effect on Prevalence of Obesity (%) |
Indirect Effects on COVID-19 Mortality Rate Through Obesity Prevalence |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| μ | σ|Min|Max | μ | σ|Min|Max | μ | σ|Min|Max | |
| Endogenous Variable | ||||||
| Prevalence of obesity* (%) | 9.432 | 0.07 | 9.12 | 10.25 | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Built Environment(Density & Design) | ||||||
| Residential Density (housing units/acre) | −4.578 | --- | −0.270 | --- | −2.542 | 0.01 | -2.76 | -2.45 |
| Auto Regional Centrality Index (0−100) | --- | --- | 0.016 | --- | 0.151 | 0.001 | 0.14 | 0.16 |
| Pedestrian-oriented links per square mile | --- | --- | −0.064 | --- | −0.608 | 0.004 | -0.66 | -0.58 |
| Natural Environment | ||||||
| Percent of tree canopy coverage | −0.889 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Demographics (% of county population) | ||||||
| Older individuals (65 years plus) | 3.558 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Black | 0.974 | --- | 0.044 | --- | 0.417 | 0.003 | 0.40 | 0.45 |
| White | −1.338 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Low income* (< USD 50 K) | --- | --- | 0.062 | 0.004 | 0.04 | 0.08 | 0.587 | 0.04 | 0.42 | 0.76 |
| Graduate degree holders* | --- | --- | −0.189 | 0.02 | -0.31 | -0.04 | −1.783 | 0.25 | -2.95 | -0.36 |
| Other Correlates | ||||||
| Nonmetropolitan county* [1/0] | 29.474 | 66.9 | -166.4 | 379.9 | 0.443 | --- | 4.182 | 0.03 | 4.04 | 4.54 |
| Testing rate* | 0.004 | 0.001 | -0.001 | 0.021 | --- | --- | --- | --- |
Notes: (*) indicates random parameters for which summary statistics are provided of the individual county-specific conditional estimates; (---) indicates not applicable.