Fig. 1.

Rutin inhibits tau aggregation, reduces tau oligomer-induced cytotoxicity and proinflammatory cytokine production. A The chemical structure of rutin. B The aggregation kinetics of 10 μM tau was assessed by thioflavin T fluorescence assay with or without the incubation of 40 or 80 μM of rutin. C The morphologies of tau were examined using a Hitachi H7650 TEM (scale bars 10 μm). D The viability of SH-SY5Y cells was determined by MTT assay when challenged with 1 μM tau oligomers in the presence or absence of rutin. E The levels of IL-1β and TNF-α were detected in the supernatants of primary microglial cultures when challenged with 1 μM tau oligomers in the presence or absence of 8 μM rutin. Experiments B, D, E were performed three times with at least biological triplicates in each experiment. Data represent means ± SEM and were analyzed by two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s test (B) or one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s test (D, E). **P < 0.01, ****P < 0.0001. ns, not significant