Table 2.
Examples of cancer biomarkers: discovered by proteomics and their applications in precision medicine.
| Cancer Biomarkers | Cancer Type | Use | Proteomic Technology | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| APOAII-2 | Pancreatic cancer | Detection of early-stage pancreatic cancer and risk factors for pancreatic malignancy | 2D-PAGE, QTOF MS system and ELISA | [121,122] |
| Ezrin | Colorectal cancer | Predicting lymph node metastasis in colorectal cancer | iTRAQ in a comparative proteomics approach | [124,126,127] |
| QSOX1 | Lung cancer | A potential therapeutic target | LC/MS-MS analysis | [128] |
| Serine/threonine kinase 4 | Colorectal cancer | An early detection biomarker | MALDI-TOF-MS | [134] |
| αB-crystallin | Breast cancer | A potential prognostic biomarker | Quantitative iTRAQ proteomics | [135] |
| ENO1 | Lung cancer | A Potential Sputum Biomarker for Early-Stage Lung Cancer and a potential therapeutic target | Shotgun proteomics; liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry technology | [136,137,138,139] |
| CT45 | High-grade serous ovarian cancer | A Chemosensitivity Mediator and Immunotherapy Target | Liquid Chromatography–MS analysis; Phosphatase activity assay and phosphoproteomics; Immunofluorescence | [132] |
| FoxO3a | Breast cancer | A Positive Prognostic Marker and a Therapeutic Target in Tamoxifen-Resistant | Label-Free Semiquantitative Proteomic Analysis and ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) | [140] |
| HSP 90β | Lung adenocarcinoma | A potential prognostic biomarker | Nano-LC–MS/MS analysis; ELISA; label-free quantification | [80] |
| SAA2, APCS, APOA4, F2 and AMBP | Colorectal cancer | Potential early diagnosis biomarkers | SWATH-MS and ELISA | [26] |