Effect of GONPs, GONPs–PEG and GONPs–PEG–N. stiva in the growth rate of S. aureus and E. coli. cell (A), bacterial cells treated with GONPs (B), with GONPs–PEG (C), and with GONPs–PEG–N. sativa (D). The data are shown as the mean ± SD. ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, and **** p < 0.0001.