Figure 1.

Neointima formation in the venous outflow tract of arteriovenous fistula (AVF). (A) Wild-type (WT) mice underwent 5/6 nephrectomy for chronic kidney disease (CKD) induction, followed by AVF creation four weeks later. Grossly, neointima formation was observed at proximal AVF venous segment. (B) Histologically, the initial 600 μm venous outflow tract was divided into five 100 μm thick segments as illustrated in (A), scale bar = 100 μm. After elastin staining, neointima at each segment was examined, which was found to enlarge gradually after AVF creation. **** p < 0.0001. Data presented as mean ± SEM and analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Bonferroni post hoc analysis; n = 6–7 in each group. AVF, arteriovenous fistula; CKD, chronic kidney disease; 2/3 Nx, 2/3 nephrectomy; UNx, uninephrectomy; WT, wild-type.