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. 2021 May 21;22(11):5448. doi: 10.3390/ijms22115448

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) knockout attenuated neointima formation and increased lumen size in arteriovenous (AV) fistula venous segment. (A) AV fistula was created in both wild-type (WT) and MMP-9^−/− mice to examine the influence on AV fistula. (B,C) Chronic kidney disease was successfully induced in both WT and MMP-9^−/− mice with significantly elevated serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine. (D) Morphometric analysis was done after elastin staining, scale bar = 100 μm. (E) Neointima size decreased and (F) lumen area enlarged after MMP-9 knockout (p = 0.0013 and 0.0116, respectively). (G) Internal elastic lamina (IEL) perimeter was not significantly different between WT and MMP-9^−/− mice. (H) IEL structure was examined under high magnification, and loose structure was found in both WT and MMP-9^−/− mice AV fistula venous segment, scale bar = 50 μm. No visible detrimental effect was detected after MMP-9 knockout. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01. Data presented as mean ± SEM. Data analyzed by Student’s t-test one-way, n = 6–7 in each group.

Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) knockout attenuated neointima formation and increased lumen size in arteriovenous (AV) fistula venous segment. (A) AV fistula was created in both wild-type (WT) and MMP-9^−/− mice to examine the influence on AV fistula. (B,C) Chronic kidney disease was successfully induced in both WT and MMP-9^−/− mice with significantly elevated serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine. (D) Morphometric analysis was done after elastin staining, scale bar = 100 μm. (E) Neointima size decreased and (F) lumen area enlarged after MMP-9 knockout (p = 0.0013 and 0.0116, respectively). (G) Internal elastic lamina (IEL) perimeter was not significantly different between WT and MMP-9^−/− mice. (H) IEL structure was examined under high magnification, and loose structure was found in both WT and MMP-9^−/− mice AV fistula venous segment, scale bar = 50 μm. No visible detrimental effect was detected after MMP-9 knockout. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01. Data presented as mean ± SEM. Data analyzed by Student’s t-test one-way, n = 6–7 in each group.