Table 1.
Methodological information from the systematic review (qualitative analysis) of selected studies. Asterisk * indicates that the study was used in the meta-analysis (quantitative analysis). Studies are ordered by type and then by reference.
| Ref. | Kind | Platform | Type of Study | Ethics Approval | Urine Collection | Urine Storage | Analytical Validation | ROC Curve (Training/Testing) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [28] | VOL | FAIMS + GC-MS | CRC/control | yes | ND | −80 °C | 1/2–1/2 repeated 5 times | - |
| * [35] | MET | GC + LC | CRC/control | yes | Fasting urine | −80 °C | 2/3–1/3 | 0.993 (7 compounds)/0.998 |
| [32] | MET | RRLC-TOF/MS | CRC/control | yes | First morning urine | −80 °C | 2/3–1/3 | - |
| * [36] | MET | NMR | CRC/control | yes | First morning urine | −80 °C | - | 0.823 taurine, 0.783 alanine, 0.842 3-aminoisobutyrate/ND |
| [33] | MET | LC-FAIMS-MS | CRC/control | yes with ID | ND | −80 °C | - | 0.71/ND |
| * [25] | MET | Targeted LC-MS/MS | CRC/control | yes with ID | Controls at 7–8 a.m., 11–12 a.m., and 5–6 p.m. CRC at 9 a.m. and 4 p.m. | −80 °C | bootstrapping with virtual datasets | 0.794/ND |
| [31] | MET | CE-MS | CRC/control (including stages) | yes | Morning urine | −80 °C | - | 0.906/ND |
| * [24] | MET | Targeted LC-MS/MS | CRC/control (including stages) | yes with ID | ND | −80 °C | yes | 0.903/0.872 |
| * [37] | MET | 1H-NMR | CRC/control (including stages + other cancers) | yes | Fasting morning urine | −80 °C | 80% training, 20% testing | 0.875 alanine, 0.913 glutamine, 0.933 aspartic acid/ND |
| [38] | MET | HPLC-ESI-MS/MS | CRC/control (+ other cancers) | yes | ND | −80 °C | - | - |
| [39] | MET | LC-MS/MS MRM | CRC/control (+ other cancers) | yes | First morning urine | −80 °C | - | - |
| * [29] | VOL | Needle trap + GC-MS | CRC/control (+ other cancer) | yes | First morning urine | −80 °C | 2/3–1/3 | - |
| [40] | VOL | GC-MS | CRC/control (+ other cancers) | yes | ND | ND | - | - |
| [41] | VOL | GC-MS | CRC/control (+ other cancers) | yes | Fasting morning urine | −80 °C | - | - |
| [30] | VOL | E-nose | CRC/control (+ other diseases) | yes | Fasting morning urine | −80 °C | - | - |
| [42] | MET | RP-HPLC | CRC/control (along time) | yes | Spontaneous urine samples 1 day before surgery and day 8 after | −20 °C | - | 0.896 1-methylguanosine, 0.816 pseudouridine/ND |
| [22] | MET | UPLC-QTOF-MS | CRC no-relapse/relapse | ND | ND | ND | 2-fold cross-validation with 10,000 validations | AUC: 0.9675 (positive charge) and 0.95 (negative charge)/ND |
| * [43] | MET | GC-MS | CRC/control (pre-/post-surgery) | yes | Fasting morning urine | −80 °C | 16/17–1/17 | - |
| * [44] | MET | 1H-NMR + GC-MS | CRC pre-/post-surgery and 6-/12-months follow-up AND intra-stages | yes | Pre-/post-surgery overnight fasting urine, 6-/12-months follow-up URINE spot | −80 °C | - | 0.89 (20 compounds)/ND |
| [45] | MET | UPLC-MS | CRC/control (pre-/post-surgery + along time) |
yes | Fasting urine (7:00 a.m.) | −80 °C | - | - |
| [26] | MET | targeted HPLC/GC-MS | CRC/adenoma/control | yes | Spot sample before surgery | ND | - | 0.690 8-oxoGua, 0.635 8-oxoGuo, 0.669 5-hmUra/ND |
| [46] | MET | UPLC-MS/HPLC-MS | CRC/adenoma/control | yes | Morning fasting urine | −80 °C | 7-fold | 0.959 (12 compounds), 0.894 (7 nucleotides)/ND |
| [47] | MET | HPLC-MS/MS | CRC/adenoma/control | ND | Spot urine | −20 °C | - | - |
| [48] | VOL | FAIMS + GC-IMS | CRC/ adenoma/control (+ other diseases) |
yes | ND | −80 °C | - | 0.98/ND |
| [49] | VOL | FAIMS | CRC/adenoma/control (+ other cancers and diseases) | yes | Spot urine | −80 °C | - | 0.9/ND |
| [23] | MET | NMR + targeted LC-MS/MS | Adenoma/control | yes with ID | Midstream urine | −80 °C ǂ | 2/3–1/3 | 0.687/0.692 |
| [27] | MET | 1D NMR | Adenoma/control | yes | Midstream urine | 4 h at 4 °C 24 h at −80 °C |
Validation of Deng L 2017 | 0.717/ND |
| * [50] | MET | 1D NMR | Adenoma/control | yes | Midstream urine | 4 h at 4 °C 24 h at −80 °C |
2/3–1/3 | 0.752/ND |
ND not disclosed. MS/MS tandem mass spectrometry, HPLC high-performance liquid chromatography, ESI electrospray ionization, MRM multiple reaction monitoring, RP reversed-phase, UPLC ultra-performance liquid chromatography, QTOF quadrupole time-of-flight. ǂ Urine temperature conditions reported in a previous publication.