Table 2.

Potential neuroprotective pharmacotherapies targeting thromboinflammation.

Therapeutic Agent	Target	Model	Reference
Thromboxane antagonists, COX1-inhibitors, PAF antagonists	Platelet aggregation	Experimental and clinical aSAH	Lagier et al. [149], Suzuki et al. [145], Tokiyoshi et al. [146], Hirashima et al. [147,148]
intraventricular thrombolysis (rh tPA)	Clot clearance	Experimental and clinical aSAH	Shi et al. [150]
rh-ADAMTS13	vWF-induced thrombosis and inflammation	Experimental and clinical aSAH	Muroi et al. [122], Vergouwen et al. [123,125], Wan et al. [124], Chauhan et al. [120]
FXIIa inhibitors (C1 inhibitor, rh infestin-4)	Contact kinin system (platelet aggregation and neuroinflammation)	Experimental stroke and TBI	Kleinschnitz et al. [131], Hagedorn et al. [132], Heydenreich et al. [133], Hopp et al. [135,136], Albert-Weissenberger et al. [134]
Anti-platelet receptor antibodies	Thrombosis, neuroinflammation, immune cells	Experimental stroke and TBI	Kleinschnitz et al. [141], Schuhmann et al. [143], Albert-Weissenberger et al. [140], Stoll and Nieswandt [121]
Fractionated heparin, glibenclamide, statins, anti-proinflammatory cytokine agents	Neuroinflammation	Experimental and clinical aSAH	James et al. [153], McBride et al. [111], Vergouwen et al. [151]
Fasudil (ROCK2 inhibitor)	Neuroinflammation	Experimental intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and clinical aSAH	McBride et al. [111], Li et al. [154], Zhao et al. [152]
Nimodipine	Vasospasms, thrombosis, leukocyte infiltration	Experimental and clinical aSAH	McBride et al. [111]