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. 2021 May 21;22(11):5438. doi: 10.3390/ijms22115438

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Schematic of antiviral mechanism of trehalose against SARS-CoV-2. SARS-CoV-2 enters the host cell through the interaction of viral spike protein with ACE2 receptor on the cell surface. Coronavirus nonstructural protein 6 (nsp6) and nsp3 promote autophagosome formation but prevent autophagosome-lysosome fusion. (1) Trehalose may stimulate amphisome-lysosome fusion for virion degradation after the trafficking of viral double-membrane vesicles, (2) Trehalose activates transcription factor EB (TFEB), and up-regulates lysosome biogenesis. Reproduced from [89] with permission from Frontiers.