Table 3.
Changes in biomechanical variables after exercise on a treadmill before and after supplementation.
| Biomechanical Variables | Exten(d) (n = 13) | p | Control (n = 15) | p | p | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Day 0 | Day 30 | intra | Day 0 | Day 30 | Intra | Inter T0 | Inter T1 | |
| Foot Contact Time (s) | 0.248 ± 0.004 | 0.246 ± 0.003 | 0.584 | 0.239 ± 0.004 | 0.235 ± 0.005 | 0.247 | 0.189 | 0.098 |
| Gait Length (m) | 2.296 ± 0.035 | 2.284 ± 0.042 | 0.555 | 2.244 ± 0.049 | 2.261 ± 0.045 | 0.787 | 0.504 | 0.836 |
| Gait Frequency (Hz) | 1.345 ± 0.017 | 1.376 ± 0.017 | 0.058 | 1.396 ± 0.014 | 1.402 ± 0.019 | 0.683 | 0.028 | 0.328 |
| Hip Flexion at Foot Contact | 40.940 ± 1.153 | 40.251 ± 1.617 | 0.497 | 39.276 ± 1.856 | 38.670 ± 1.403 | 0.660 | 0.470 | 0.465 |
| Max. Hip Extension During Foot Contact (˚) | −0.586 ± 1.123 | −1.643 ± 1.444 | 0.086 | −0.743 ± 1.373 | −1.414 ± 1.204 | 0.248 | 0.932 | 0.903 |
| Max. Hip Adduction During Foot Contact (˚) | 9.393 ± 1.241 | 10.497 ± 1.238 | 0.036 | 8.903 ± 0.703 | 9.232 ± 0.933 | 0.603 | 0.725 | 0.415 |
| Max. Hip Rotation During Foot Contact (˚) | −2.992 ± 2.646 | −1.560 ± 4.251 | 0.670 | −3.237 ± 2.427 | −4.445 ± 1.979 | 0.474 | 0.946 | 0.526 |
| Knee Flexion at Foot Contact | 15.708 ± 1.425 | 15.726 ± 1.802 | 0.991 | 18.989 ± 1.680 | 20.956 ± 2.023 | 0.194 | 0.155 | 0.068 |
| Max. Knee Flexion During Foot Contact (˚) | 46.272 ± 1.131 | 45.461 ± 1.061 | 0.428 | 47.068 ± 1.331 | 48.563 ± 1.687 | 0.263 | 0.658 | 0.145 |
| Max. Knee Flexion During Swing Phase (˚) | 100.964 ± 2.047 | 98.662 ± 3.243 | 0.322 | 101.995 ± 2.092 | 101.812 ± 2.261 | 0.937 | 0.729 | 0.423 |
| Max. Knee Valgus During Foot Contact (˚) | −4.331 ± 0.948 | −5.453 ± 1.152 | 0.164 | −3.835 ± 0.913 | −4.204 ± 1.105 | 0.484 | 0.710 | 0.442 |
| Max. Knee Varus During Foot Contact (˚) | 5.383 ± 1.448 | 5.897 ± 1.741 | 0.898 | 4.543 ± 0.804 | 4.581 ± 0.837 | 0.917 | 0.534 | 0.504 |
| Max. Knee Rotation During Foot Contact (˚) | 3.600 ± 1.965 | 6.639 ± 2.472 | 0.147 | 4.593 ± 2.479 | 5.156 ± 2.501 | 0.572 | 0.761 | 0.679 |
| Foot Flexion at Foot Contact (˚) | 8.418 ± 1.022 | 7.405 ±1.647 | 0.300 | 7.488 ± 1.004 | 8.140 ± 1.352 | 0.593 | 0.523 | 0.730 |
| Max. Foot Extension During Foot Contact (˚) | 5.489 ± 0.838 | 4.759 ± 1.273 | 0.739 | 5.840 ± 0.702 | 6.628 ± 1.277 | 0.885 | 0.765 | 0.504 |
| Foot Supination at Foot Contact (˚) | 10.738 ± 1.477 | 8.473 ± 1.496 | 0.214 | 10.749 ± 1.489 | 10.191 ± 1.795 | 0.775 | 0.996 | 0.477 |
| Max. Foot Pronation During Foot Contact (˚) | −9.089 ± 1.534 | −11.431 ± 2.100 | 0.489 | −6.737 ± 1.544 | −7.371 ± 2.124 | 0.950 | 0.174 | 0.147 |
| Peak Vertical Reaction Force (N/BW) | 2.564 ± 0.049 | 2.514 ± 0.037 | 0.397 | 2.558 ± 0.059 | 2.541 ± 0.054 | 0.885 | 0.800 | 0.945 |
| Min. Antero-Posterior Reaction Force (N/BW) (Braking) | −0.367 ± 0.011 | −0.370 ± 0.017 | 0.858 | −0.360 ± 0.014 | −0.364 ± 0.016 | 0.787 | 0.596 | 0.596 |
| Max. Antero-Posterior Reaction Force (N/BW) (Impulse) | 0.272± 0.005 | 0.266 ± 0.006 | 0.212 | 0.265 ± 0.009 | 0.271 ± 0.011 | 0.464 | 0.499 | 0.688 |
Flexion, adduction, varus, internal rotation and supination have a positive (+) sign, whereas extension, abduction, valgus, external rotation and pronation have a negative (−) sign. N/BW: Newtons/body weight. Differences were tested using t-test (with Welch correction when needed) or Kruskal–Wallis tests. Significant differences (p < 0.05) and differences that show certain trend (p < 0.1) are highlighted in bold.