Table 3.
Summary of nano/microparticle-based carrier utilized for oral delivery of vaccines
| Particles | Antigens | Immune responses | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Liposomes | M1 gene of influenza A virus | Enhanced humoral and cellular immunity; protective immunity upon challenge studies | Liu et al. (2014) |
| Modified liposome (chitosan-coated phospholipid-PEG bearing liposomes) | Monovalent detergent split influenza | Enhanced mucosal and systemic immunity | Oberoi et al. (2016) |
| Modified liposomes (PEG-modified) | Ovalbumin (OVA) | Enhanced mucosal and systemic immunity | Minato et al. (2003) |
| Modified liposomes layer-by-layer polymer-coated liposomes | Peptide (J14) | Enhanced mucosal and systemic immunity | Marasini et al. (2016a, b, c) |
| Modified liposomes (Mannose-PEG-cholesterol conjugate (MPC) entrapped lipid A) | Ovalbumin (OVA) | Enhanced systemic and mucosal immunity | Wang et al. (2014) |
| Bilosomes | Tetanus toxoid | Enhanced mucosal and systemic immunity | Mann et al. (2006) |
| Bilosomes | Diphtheria toxoid (DTx) | Enhanced mucosal and systemic immunity | Shukla et al. (2011) |
| Bilosomes | Recombinant baculovirus displaying VP1 (Bac-VP1) | Enhanced mucosal and systemic immunity | Premanand et al. (2013) |
| Bilosomes | Tetanus toxoid | Enhanced mucosal and systemic immunity. Induced Th2-biased immune responses | Mann et al. (2006) |
| ISCOMs | Cholera toxin-CTA1-DD/ OVA323–339 peptide epitope | Enhanced antigen-specific serum IgG antibodies | Mowat et al. (2001) |
| Chitosan (CS) conjugated peptide | CPE30 peptide | Production of antigen-specific fecal SIgAand mucosal T cell immune responses | Ye et al. (2014) |
| Eudragit® L100-coated-mannosylated chitosan nanoparticles | Bovine serum albumin (BSA) | Enhanced mucosal and systemic immunity | Xu et al. (2018) |
| Alginate | Heat killed V. cholerae | Production of IgG and IgM responses and protective response against cholera | Pastor et al. (2013) |
| Alginate-encapsulated bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) | Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) | Enhanced mucosal and systemic immunity | Hosseini et al. (2015) |
| Alginate and chitosan-coated calcium phosphate nanoparticles | Bovine serum albumin (BSA) | Enhanced mucosal and systemic immunity | Cao et al. (2020) |
| Glucan particles | Ovalbumin (OVA) | Enhanced mucosal immunity | De Smet et al. (2013) |
| Ulex europaeus agglutinin-1 (UEA-1) conjugated PLGA NP containing monophosphoryl lipid A | Ovalbumin (OVA) | Enhanced humoral immunity | Ma et al. (2014) |
| PLGA + monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) | Ovalbumin (OVA) | Enhanced mucosal and systemic immunity | Sarti et al. (2011) |
| Acid-resistant HP55/PLGA nanoparticle | H. pylori recombinant antigen CCF | Induced potentTh1/Th17-bias immune response | Tan et al. (2017) |
| Cell membrane coating technology. (Mg-TiO2-RBC-toxin-chitosan-entric coated particles) | Toxoids | Production of antigen-specific mucosal antibody titers | Wei et al. (2019) |