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. 2021 May 24;22(11):5519. doi: 10.3390/ijms22115519

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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The JNK pathway in Drosophila. Extrinsic signals such as the ligand Egr/TNFα can bind the TNFα receptors (TNFRs) Grnd and Wgn, activating a cascade of kinases: Msn/JNKKKK, dTAK1/JNKKK, Hep/JNKK and Bsk/JNK. Hep/JNKK can also be phosphorylated by intrinsic factors (outlined by the dashed line), such as Ask1. Bsk/JNK phosphorylates the AP-1 transcription factor components Kay/Fos and Jra/Jun. AP-1 target genes include puc/DUSP10, which encodes a phosphatase that inactivates Bsk/JNK in a negative feedback loop, and upd/IL-6, encoding an inflammatory cytokine. The STRIPAK complex that binds to Hep/JNKK, Bsk/JNK and AP-1 and inhibits the pathway.