Table 1.
Literature regarding species.
| Source | Source Organ | Subject | Type | Peptide Sequence/Amino Acid Contents | MW | Biological Function |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bovine/calve/yak | Calves blood extract [9] | Rabbits | Not given | Not given | Not given | Bone regeneration |
| Bone and calcium citrate [10] | Tail suspended ovariectomized rats | I | Not given | Not given | Increased serum osteocalcin levels | |
| Yak bone [12] | Ovariectomized rats | I | Not given | Not given | Bone formation biomarkers | |
| Yak bones collagen [13] | Not given | I | GPSGPAGKDGRIGQPG GDRGETGPAGPAGPIGPV |
<3 KDa | Osteoblast proliferation | |
| Bovine Achilles tendon [14] | Not given | I | 44 peptides GERGFPGLPGPS |
29 peptides with <1 KDa | Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)-inhibitory activity | |
| Bovine Achilles tendon [16] | Not given | I | (1) Gly-Asp-Hyl-Gly-Glu-Thr-Gly-Glu-Gln-Gly-Asp-Arg, (2) Phe-Leu-Pro-Gln-Pro-Pro-Gln-Glu-Lys-Ala-His-Asp-Gly-Gly-Arg |
Several peptides <2 KDa | Antimicrobial and radical scavenging | |
| Bovine lung tissue [17] | Not given | Not clear | Not given | Not given | anti-inflammatory | |
| Bovine Nuchal ligament [15] | Not given | I | Gly-Pro-Arg-Gly-Phe (not ACE inhibited) Tyr-Trp and Leu-Arg-Tyr (ACE Inhibited) |
Not given | ACE inhibitor peptides | |
| Porcine | Porcine skin [18] | Mouse lymphoma L5178YTK ± (not a mouse) |
Majorly IPeptides of ii, iii and iv | Not given | <K3Da | Chronic wound healing |
| porcine leg bones [19] | Osteoblast MC3T3-E1 cells (not a mouse) | I | Not given | 1 to >5 KDa | Overcome osteoporosis effects on bones | |
| Fresh pig bone [20] | Osteoblast MC3T3-E1 cells (not a mouse) | I | Not given | Not given | Upregulating osteoblasts | |
| Pig skin gelatin water extracts [21] | Male ICR mice | Not given | Not given | <3 KDa | Cure of cognitive function |
|
| Porcine gelatin [22] | Human | Not given | Not given | 1200 Da | language cognitive function and brain structure | |
| Pig skin gelatin [23] | Human neuroblastoma cell line (SH-SY5Y) | Not given | Not given | >50 KDa | Antioxidative and neuroprotective effect | |
| Marine | Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) [24] | SKH hairless mice (Mice dorsal skins) | I | Ile-Val-Val-Pro-Lys | 554.72 Da | Anti-photoaging |
| Fresh water Salmo Salar skin Deep sea Tilapia Nilotica skin [25] |
Rat | Not given | Asp, Glu, Ser, His, Gly, Thr, Arg, Ala, Tyr, Val, Met, Phe, Ile, Leu, Lys, Pro, Hyp | 512.63 Da for Tilapia Nilotica | Altering Cutaneous Microbiome Colonization for wound healing |
|
| Redlip Croaker (Pseudosciaena polyactis) Scales [26] | Not given | I | DGPEGR, GPEGPMGLE, EGPFGPEG, YGPDGPTG, GFIGPTE, and IGPLGA |
629.6, 885.9, 788.9, 762.7, 733.8, and 526.6 Da | Anti-oxidation scavenging | |
| Soft shell of turtle (Carapax Trionycis) [27] | SD rats | Not given | Amino acid w.r.t mg/100 g Ser > Gly > Tyr > Ala > Glu > Asp > Cys > Val> Arg > Lys > Thr > Ile > Met > Leu > Try > His > Phe | Not given | Pre-biotic potential | |
| Swim bladders of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) [28] | Human fibro blast cell (MRC-5) | I | Not given | ACS 182.9 ± 7.9 PSC 28.7 ± 1.7 KDa |
High thermal properties | |
| Mackerel fillets (Scomber scombrus) [29] | Not given | Not given | Aspartic acid (Asp), Serine (Ser), Glutamic acid (Glu), Glycine (Gly), Arginine (Arg), Threonine (Thr), Alanine (Ala), Proline (Pro), Tyrosine (Tyr), Valine (Val), Methionine (Met), Lysine (Lys), Isoleucine (Ile), Leucine (Leu), Phenylalanine (Phe) | Not given | Antioxidation and antihypertension | |
| Asian swamp eels [30] | Not given | Not given | Asp, Glu, Lys, His, Arg, Asn, Gln, Ser and Thr | Not given | Emulsifier and stabilizer in food products | |
| Sharks [31] | Mice | Not given | Asn, Thr, Ser, Glu, Pro, Gly, Ala, Val, Cys, Met, Leu,Ile, Tyr, Phe, His, Lys, Arg, Hyp. | <800 Da | Osteoblast proliferation | |
| Chicken | Sternal cartilage [32] | Not given | II | Glu, Ala, Pro, and Hyp,Cys, Met, Ile, Tyr, Phe, His | 245 KDa | Type II collagen |
| Chicken Heads (gelatin) [33] | Not given | Not given | Not given | Not given | Good use of by-product | |
| Skin (gelatin) [34] | Not given | B | Hydroxyproline | Not given | Good use of by-product | |
| Frog | Rana chensinensis skin [35] | Not given | Not given | Ala, Arg, Asp, Cys, Glu, Gly, His, Iso, Leu, Lys, Met, Phe, Hyp, Pro, Ser, Thr Tyr, Val | 106 KDa | Food stuff and medical |
| Duck | Breast [36] | Not given | Not given | Asp, Thr, Ser, Glu, Gly, Ala, Cys, Val, Met, Ile, Leu, Tyr, Phe, Lys, His, Arg, Pro | 491–715 Da | Antioxidant |
| Sheep and lambs | Bone, cartilage, carcass trimmings and meat [37] | Not given | I | Not given | 5 < MW < 100 KDa | Good use of by-product |
| Bees | Royal Jelly [38] | Drosophila | Not given | Gly, Glu, asp, Arg, Pro, Leu, Ala and Val | <1 KDa | Anti-oxidative, anti-aging |