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. 2021 May 25;10(11):2295. doi: 10.3390/jcm10112295

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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The consensus molecular subtypes. CMS1 and CMS4 tumors are highly infiltrated by immune cells, whereas CMS1 tumors are characterized by a Th1-cell response and activated and inflamed TME. These tumors can be treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors. CMS4 tumors have an inflamed, complement-rich, suppressive, and highly angiogenic TME that can be targeted with combination therapies. CMS2 tumors do not activate an antitumor immune response due to activation of the b-catenin pathway, and CMS3 tumors are considered to be metabolic tumors. CMS1 (14% of colorectal tumors); CMS2 (37% of colorectal tumors); CMS3 tumors (13% of colorectal tumors); CMS4 tumors (23% of colorectal tumors). From Fridman et al. [9].