Table 1.
Occurrence of ribavirin, antibiotics and glucocorticoids in water (ng/L) and sediments (ng/g dry weight) from Wuhan, China.
| Analyte | Water in summer (n = 19) |
Water in autumn (n = 19) |
Sediment in summer (n = 18) |
Sediment in autumn (n = 19) |
|||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DFa (%) | Min | Max | Median | DF (%) | Min | Max | Median | DF (%) | Min | Max | Median | DF (%) | Min | Max | Median | ||
| Anti-virus drug | Ribavirin | 89.5 | 1.04 | 52.2 | 4.36 | 57.9 | 1.11 | 2.26 | 1.55 | 100 | 0.13 | 2.46 | 0.86 | 100 | 0.10 | 10.4 | 1.39 |
| Sulfonamides antibiotics | Sulfadimidine | 94.7 | 0.12 | 8.91 | 0.69 | 94.7 | 0.97 | 2.21 | 1.45 | 11.1 | 0.11 | 0.13 | 0.12 | 26.3 | 0.18 | 0.22 | 0.19 |
| Sulfamethoxazole | 84.2 | 1.12 | 16.6 | 8.48 | 94.7 | 1.42 | 11.7 | 2.63 | 11.1 | 0.18 | 0.19 | 0.18 | 10.5 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.11 | |
| Sulfadiazine | 63.2 | 0.10 | 2.56 | 0.49 | 57.9 | 0.84 | 9.14 | 1.48 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Sulfamonomethoxine | 52.6 | 0.53 | 8.81 | 1.46 | 47.4 | 1.23 | 17.8 | 3.07 | 33.3 | 0.22 | 0.29 | 0.25 | 31.6 | 0.31 | 0.39 | 0.32 | |
| Sulfachloropyridazine | 42.1 | 0.59 | 8.15 | 1.42 | 42.1 | 0.90 | 6.00 | 3.50 | – | – | – | – | 26.3 | 0.09 | 0.10 | 0.09 | |
| Sulfaquinoxaline | 10.5 | 0.17 | 0.58 | 0.38 | 21.1 | 1.08 | 1.08 | 1.08 | – | – | – | – | 5.3 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.09 | |
| Sulfadimethoxine | 5.3 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.18 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Sulfamethizole | 5.3 | 1.36 | 1.36 | 1.36 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 10.5 | 0.01 | 0.13 | 0.07 | |
| Sulfamerazine | 5.3 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.11 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Sulfisoxazole | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 33.3 | 0.28 | 0.35 | 0.31 | – | – | – | – | |
| ΣSulfonamides | – | 0.33 | 24.9 | 16.5 | – | 2.39 | 32.5 | 10.0 | – | 0.11 | 0.78 | 0.29 | – | 0.01 | 0.70 | 0.39 | |
| Fluoroquinolones antibiotics | Norfloxacin | 10.5 | 0.49 | 4.51 | 2.50 | 11.1 | 0.62 | 2.65 | 1.63 | 21.1 | 1.84 | 25.2 | 6.27 | ||||
| Ofloxacin | 5.3 | 21.0 | 21.0 | 21.0 | 10.5 | 39.0 | 172 | 106 | 50.0 | 0.15 | 17.0 | 0.37 | 89.5 | 0.04 | 125 | 0.73 | |
| Moxifloxacin hydrochloride | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 33.3 | 0.87 | 2.80 | 1.49 | 31.6 | 0.53 | 2.26 | 0.76 | |
| Enoxacin | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 27.8 | 0.11 | 8.48 | 0.54 | 10.5 | 2.62 | 3.47 | 3.04 | |
| Enrofloxacin | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 22.2 | 0.10 | 5.45 | 1.10 | 31.6 | 0.02 | 7.70 | 0.06 | |
| Ciprofloxacin | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 16.7 | 0.11 | 0.38 | 0.12 | 31.6 | 0.17 | 0.78 | 0.24 | |
| ΣFluoroquinolones | – | 0.49 | 21.0 | 4.51 | – | 39.0 | 172 | 106 | – | 0.11 | 19.2 | 1.64 | – | 0.08 | 152 | 1.40 | |
| Macrolides antibiotics | Erythromycin | 100 | 0.06 | 5.75 | 0.49 | 78.9 | 0.91 | 12.9 | 1.15 | 61.1 | 0.10 | 8.51 | 0.38 | 73.7 | 0.14 | 0.37 | 0.16 |
| Azithromycin | 94.7 | 3.14 | 935 | 43.9 | 84.2 | 1.98 | 920 | 17.4 | 83.3 | 2.70 | 41.1 | 12.6 | 52.6 | 0.43 | 39.2 | 4.87 | |
| Clarithromycin | 89.5 | 0.18 | 266 | 5.93 | 10.5 | 1.65 | 1.99 | 1.82 | 5.6 | 2.10 | 2.10 | 2.10 | – | – | – | – | |
| Tilmicosin | 42.1 | 1.26 | 7.30 | 2.60 | 10.5 | 4.80 | 11.3 | 8.03 | 66.7 | 0.12 | 14.5 | 2.88 | – | – | – | – | |
| Tylosin | 5.3 | 2.14 | 2.14 | 2.14 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Spiramycin | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 42.1 | 0.95 | 1.05 | 0.97 | |
| ΣMacrolides | – | 0.06 | 1100 | 29.6 | – | 1.07 | 937 | 16.1 | – | 0.19 | 45.5 | 14.0 | – | 0.14 | 40.6 | 1.56 | |
| Glucocorticoids | Triamcinolone acetonide | 21.1 | 0.28 | 0.89 | 0.35 | 10.5 | 1.13 | 2.24 | 1.68 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Hydrocortisone | 10.5 | 0.64 | 2.03 | 1.34 | 10.5 | 0.90 | 2.18 | 1.54 | – | – | – | – | 10.5 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.01 | |
| Budesonide | 10.5 | 6.65 | 15.5 | 11.1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Beclomethasone | 5.3 | 32.5 | 32.5 | 32.5 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Hydrocortisone 17-valerate | 5.3 | 1.17 | 1.17 | 1.17 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Prednicarbate | 5.3 | 0.27 | 0.27 | 0.27 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Mometasone furoate | 5.3 | 10.8 | 10.8 | 10.8 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Cortisone | – | – | – | – | 26.3 | 0.47 | 3.69 | 0.91 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Fludroxycortide | – | – | – | – | 10.5 | 2.86 | 5.36 | 4.11 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Fluoromethalone | – | – | – | – | 10.5 | 0.66 | 0.67 | 0.67 | – | – | – | – | 10.5 | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.10 | |
| Prednisone 21-acetate | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 100 | 0.22 | 0.88 | 0.48 | 5.3 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | |
| Hydrocortisone 21-acetate | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 15.8 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.03 | |
| Prednisolone | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 5.3 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | |
| ΣGlucocorticoids | – | 0.28 | 32.5 | 2.03 | – | 0.47 | 5.72 | 2.99 | – | 0.22 | 0.88 | 0.48 | – | 0.01 | 0.12 | 0.03 | |
a
DF: detection frequency.