Table 1.
Participants’ demographics, neuropsychological measures, and single-nucleotide polymorphisms.
| Group | Age | Sex | Race | Education* (yr) | Handedness | BDNF† | APOE‡ | IQ | Verbal KN | Nonverbal FR | ADOS | AQ | Neuroactive medication(s) | Neurological / Psychiatric Comorbidities |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
ASD (n = 19) |
||||||||||||||
| 21 | M | Other | – | L | Val/Val | ε3/ε4 | 94 | 9 | 9 | 7 | – | Risperidone, Methylphenidate | – | |
| 21 | M | Asian | 13 | R | Val/Met | ε3/ε3 | 124 | 16 | 12 | 15 | 26 | Escitalopram | Anxiety, Depression | |
| 25 | M | White | 12 | R | Val/Val | ε3/ε3 | 79 | 8 | 5 | 8 | – | Amphetamine/Dextroamphetamine | ADHD | |
| 27 | M | White | 15 | R | Val/Met | ε3/ε3 | 94 | 8 | 6 | 10 | 33 | Risperidone, Bupropion | Anxiety, Depression | |
| 28 | M | White | 20+ | R | Val/Met | ε3/ε4 | 121 | 16 | 11 | 7 | 20 | – | Dysthymia | |
| 31 | M | White | – | R | Val/Val | ε3/ε3 | 79 | 9 | 4 | 17 | – | Buspirone, Escitalopram | Anxiety, Depression | |
| 32 | M | White | 13 | R | – | – | 70 | 9 | 1 | 4 | 16 | Aripiprazole, Hydroxyzine, Fluvoxamine, Methimazole | Anxiety, Depression | |
| 33 | F | White | 20 | R | Val/Val | ε3/ε4 | 118 | 17 | 9 | 5 | 35 | Sumatriptan | Depression, Migraines | |
| 34 | M | White | 19 | R | Val/Met | ε3/ε4 | 118 | 13 | 13 | 4 | 35 | – | – | |
| 37 | M | Asian | 18 | R | Val/Met | ε3/ε3 | 115 | 15 | 10 | 16 | 21 | – | ADHD, Depression | |
| 41 | M | White | 17 | R | Val/Met | ε3/ε3 | 109 | 10 | 13 | 13 | 26 | Acetyl-L-carnitine | Depression, Essential tremor | |
| 41 | M | White | 16 | R | Val/Met | ε3/ε3 | 88 | 4 | 12 | 8 | 17 | – | – | |
| 42 | M | White | 15 | R | Val/Met | ε3/ε3 | 124 | 14 | 14 | 3 | 28 | – | Anxiety, Depression | |
| 49 | M | White | 19 | R | Val/Val | ε3/ε4 | 112 | 17 | 7 | 12 | – | Aripiprazole, Zolpidem, Melatonin, Lisdexamfetamine | Anxiety, Depression | |
| 50 | M | White | 12 | R | Val/Met | ε3/ε3 | 103 | 12 | 9 | 8 | 34 | Citalopram | Anxiety, Depression, Fainting/Dizzy spells | |
| 50 | M | – | 16 | R | Val/Val | ε3/ε3 | 112 | 12 | 12 | 10 | 32 | Sertraline | Social Anxiety Disorder | |
| 52 | M | White | – | L | Val/Val | ε3/ε4 | 118 | 19 | 7 | 3 | 43 | – | ADHD, Anxiety | |
| 52 | M | White | 11 | R | – | – | 100 | 9 | 11 | 5 | 36 | – | Anxiety, Migraine | |
| 58 | F | White | 16 | R | Val/Val | – | 121 | 18 | 9 | 10 | 36 | Desipramine, Frovatriptan, Modafinil | Depression, Migraines | |
|
NT (n = 44) |
||||||||||||||
| 21 | M | White | 15 | R | Val/Val | ε3/ε4 | 109 | 14 | 9 | – | 12 | – | – | |
| 21 | M | Multiracial | 16 | R | – | – | 112 | 11 | 13 | – | 7 | – | – | |
| 21 | M | Asian | 16 | R | – | – | 94 | 8 | 10 | – | 17 | – | – | |
| 22 | M | Asian | 17 | R | Val/Met | ε3/ε4 | 103 | 9 | 12 | – | 16 | – | – | |
| 22 | M | White | 17 | R | Val/Val | ε2/ε3 | 112 | 10 | 14 | – | 7 | – | – | |
| 22 | F | White | 16 | R | Val/Val | ε3/ε3 | 100 | 10 | 10 | – | 6 | – | – | |
| 22 | M | White | 16 | R | Val/Val | ε3/ε3 | 118 | 17 | 9 | – | 18 | – | – | |
| 23 | M | Multiracial | 16 | R | Val/Val | ε3/ε3 | 106 | 11 | 11 | – | 20 | – | – | |
| 23 | M | White | 17 | R | Val/Val | ε2/ε3 | 127 | 16 | 13 | – | 11 | – | – | |
| 23 | M | White | 17 | R | Val/Met | ε3/ε3 | 118 | 13 | 13 | – | 22 | – | – | |
| 23 | M | Black | 14 | R | Val/Val | ε2/ε3 | 103 | 9 | 12 | – | 8 | – | – | |
| 23 | M | Asian | 17 | R | Val/Val | ε3/ε3 | 115 | 11 | 14 | – | 19 | – | – | |
| 23 | F | Other | 16 | R | Val/Met | ε3/ε3 | 118 | 14 | 12 | – | 10 | Sumatriptan | Migraine | |
| 23 | F | Asian | 16 | L | Met/Met | ε4/ε4 | 103 | 14 | 7 | – | 19 | – | – | |
| 24 | M | Asian | 16 | R | Val/Met | ε3/ε3 | 100 | 10 | 10 | – | 14 | – | – | |
| 24 | M | Multiracial | 17 | R | Val/Met | ε2/ε3 | 115 | 12 | 13 | – | 12 | – | – | |
| 24 | M | White | 13 | R | Val/Met | ε3/ε4 | 118 | 12 | 14 | – | 17 | Cannabis | Anxiety, Depression | |
| 24 | F | White | 17 | R | Val/Met | ε3/ε3 | 106 | 15 | 7 | – | 14 | – | Fainting/Dizzy spells | |
| 25 | M | White | 16 | R | Val/Met | ε3/ε3 | 130 | 17 | 13 | – | 16 | – | – | |
| 25 | M | Asian | 18 | R | Val/Val | ε3/ε3 | 91 | 7 | 10 | – | 17 | – | – | |
| 25 | F | Asian | 17 | R | Val/Val | ε3/ε4 | 94 | 8 | 10 | – | 28 | – | – | |
| 25 | F | Other | 20 | R | – | – | 106 | 12 | 10 | – | 10 | – | – | |
| 26 | M | Other | 19 | R | Val/Val | ε3/ε4 | 121 | 17 | 10 | – | 23 | – | – | |
| 28 | F | White | – | R | Val/Val | ε3/ε3 | 100 | 10 | 10 | – | 16 | – | – | |
| 28 | M | White | – | R | Val/Val | ε3/ε3 | 115 | 13 | 12 | – | 19 | – | Headaches, Fainting/Dizzy spells | |
| 28 | M | Multiracial | 18 | R | Val/Val | ε3/ε3 | 100 | 9 | 11 | – | 13 | – | – | |
| 29 | F | White | 18 | R | – | – | 118 | 12 | 14 | – | 9 | – | – | |
| 30 | M | White | 20 | L | Val/Met | ε3/ε4 | 97 | 10 | 9 | – | 13 | – | – | |
| 30 | M | White | 18 | R | Val/Met | ε3/ε3 | 109 | 10 | 13 | – | 11 | – | – | |
| 32 | M | White | 19 | R | Val/Val | ε3/ε3 | 100 | 9 | 11 | – | 14 | – | Anxiety, Depression | |
| 32 | M | Asian | 20+ | R | Val/Met | ε3/ε4 | 103 | 8 | 13 | – | 11 | – | – | |
| 45 | M | White | 16 | R | Val/Val | ε2/ε3 | 94 | 9 | 9 | – | 14 | – | – | |
| 46 | M | White | 13 | R | Val/Val | ε3/ε4 | 88 | 9 | 7 | – | 21 | – | – | |
| 47 | M | Black | 18 | R | Val/Met | ε3/ε3 | 88 | 9 | 7 | – | 15 | – | – | |
| 47 | M | White | 20+ | R | Val/Val | ε3/ε3 | 133 | 17 | 14 | – | 11 | – | Migraine | |
| 47 | M | Black | 18 | R | Val/Val | ε3/ε4 | 118 | 16 | 10 | – | 11 | – | – | |
| 49 | M | Asian | 16 | R | Val/Met | ε3/ε3 | 112 | 12 | 12 | – | 22 | – | – | |
| 50 | F | Black | 12 | R | – | – | 97 | 10 | 9 | – | 10 | – | – | |
| 51 | M | White | 16 | R | Val/Val | ε3/ε3 | 115 | 14 | 11 | – | 21 | – | – | |
| 53 | M | White | 16 | R | Val/Val | ε3/ε4 | 106 | 13 | 9 | – | 11 | – | – | |
| 56 | F | Black | 14 | R | Val/Val | ε3/ε4 | 97 | 9 | 10 | – | 9 | – | – | |
| 56 | M | White | 16 | R | Val/Met | ε3/ε3 | 109 | 13 | 10 | – | 16 | – | – | |
| 62 | M | White | 16 | R | Val/Met | ε3/ε4 | 118 | 12 | 14 | – | 25 | – | – | |
| 65 | M | Asian | 20+ | R | Val/Val | ε3/ε4 | 124 | 15 | 13 | – | 14 | – | – | |
Participants in each group are sorted by age. Racial categories were defined according to the National Institutes of Health policy and guidelines on the inclusion of minorities as subjects in clinical research (NIH Office of Extramural Research, 2001). IQ scores were estimated using the Abbreviated Battery of Stanford-Binet IV intelligence scale. APOE, apolipoprotein E; AQ, autism-spectrum quotient; ASD, autism spectrum disorder; BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor; IQ, intelligence quotient; Met, metionine; NT, neurotypical; Val, Valine. Values marked by “–” were either not reported by the participant or not available.
Education data were available for 16 and 42 participants in the ASD and NT groups, respectively.
BDNF data were available for 17 and 40 participants in the ASD and NT groups, respectively.
APOE data were available for 16 and 40 participants in the ASD and NT groups, respectively.