Table 2.

The effect of lesions or damage within the nociceptive system on human pain behavior (protective withdrawal/reaction), aversive perception (unpleasantness), and self-report categorization of the experience as “pain.”

Condition/Treatment	Syndrome	Withdrawal	Unpleasantness	Self-report experiencing “Pain”
SCN9A or SCN11A mutation (loss of function for sodium channel Nav1.7 or gain of function for Nav1.9)	Congenital insensitivity to pain	No	No	No sensation or experience of “pain”
Damage to basolateral amygdala and/or posterior Insula	Pain asymbolia	Yes	No	No “pain” but sensory qualities perceived
Cingulotomy (lesion of the cingulum bundle)	Pain dissociation	Yes	Yes	“Pain” but “less bothersome”
Morphine	Pain dissociation	Yes	Yes	“Pain” but “less bothersome”