Table 3.
Carbohydrate (CHO) amount ingested during SOUT events.
| Reference | Fluid Intake | CHO Intake | Type of CHO | Vs. Recommendations (90 g/h) | Nutritional Strategies | Observations |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ultra-Trail | ||||||
| Lavoué et al., 2020 [3] | 274 ± 115 mL/h | 13.9–105.4 g/h (62.2 ± 29.6 g/h) | Sports drink, cake, fruit, and mashed potatoes. | ↓ | YES | Higher rates of energy intake for finishers relative to those of non-finishers and for fast runners compared to slow runners |
| 685 ± 290 mL/kg BM | ||||||
| Wardenaar et al., 2018 [5] | 354–765 mL/h | 46.5 ± 14.1 g/h (range: 22.1–62.6 g/h) | Fruit, gels, sports drink, chocolate milk | ↓ | NO | ↑ CHO intake in the section 75–90 km because ↓lower running speed |
| Martínez et al. 2018 [29] | 6.319 ± 4214 L | (a) 112 km: 534.9 ± 279.3 g/total (31.2 ± 17.8 g/h) | (a) & (b) Sandwiches, fruit (mainly bananas), gels, pasta, energy bars CHO-electrolyte drinks | (a) ↓ | NO | No difference among distances. The slow paces during race could mean that participants did not require as much CHO. |
| 351 ± 239 mL/h | (b) 67 km: 326.7 ± 157.2 g/total (32.1 ± 14.8 g/h) | (b) ↓ | ||||
| Wardenaar et al., 2015 [6] | 2.9 ± 0.9 L | (a) 60 km: 274 ± 133 g/total | No data shown | (a) ↓ | NO | (a) 22% of runners kept to CHO recommendations (21.2% males and 12.5% females) |
| (b) 120 km: 67.3 ± 31.7 g/h | (b) ↓ | (b) Only 1 runner kept to CHO recommendations | ||||
| Costa et al., 2014 [8] | 9.1 ± 4.0 L | (a) <160 km: 31 ± 9 g/h | Mono/di/oligosaccharide, polysaccharide sources | (a) ↓ | NO | CHO rates ranged from 16 to 53 g/h (only 1 runner of (≥160 km) consumed 126 g/h). |
| 118 ± 51 mL/kg BM | (b) ≥160 km: 44 ± 33 g/h | (b) ↓ | ||||
| Kruseman, et al., 2005 [33] | 3.777 ± 1.146 L | 31 ± 14 g/h | Sweet drinks and glucose. Slowest: soup, fruits and cereal bars. Fastest: Gels | ↓ | NO | >50% runners: <30 g/h 3 runners = 60 g/h insufficient palatability of fluid and food, the practical difficulty of drinking or eating while running/walking remains possible |
| 545 ± 158 mL/h | ||||||
| Trail Marathon | ||||||
| Urdampilleta et al., 2020 [2] | No data shown | (a) LOW: 60 g/h | 30 g/h maltodextrin (glucose) and fructose gels (ratio 2:1) | (a) ↓ | YES | ↑ CHO intake decreasing internal exercise load and neuromuscular fatigue |
| (b) CON: 90 g/h | (b) 
|
|||||
| (c) EXP: 120g/h | (c) ↑ | |||||
| Viribay et al., 2020 [4] | No data shown | (a) LOW: 60 g/h | 30 g/h maltodextrin (glucose) and fructose gels (ratio 2:1) | (a) ↓ | YES | ↑ CHO intake decreasing internal exercise load and EIMD. |
| (b) CON: 90 g/h | (b)
|
|||||
| (c) EXP: 120g/h | (c) ↑ | |||||
| Martínez et al. 2018 [29] | 4.727 ± 2694 L | 205.2 ± 81.2 g (33.4 ± 13.5 g/h) | Sandwiches, fruit (mainly bananas), gels, pasta, energy bar, CHO-electrolyte drinks | ↓ | NO | No difference between distances. The slow paces during the race could mean that participants did not require as much CHO |
| 459 ± 256 mL/h | ||||||
CHO: carbohydrates; EIMD: exercise induced muscle damage LOW: 60 g/h of carbohydrate intake during marathon; CON: 90 g/h of carbohydrate intake during marathon; EXP: 120 g/h of carbohydrate intake during marathon; ↓: lower; : equal; ↑: Higher.