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. 2021 May 26;22(11):5671. doi: 10.3390/ijms22115671

Table 1.

Some pharmacological properties of Cannabis.

Secondary Metabolite Structure Medicinal Effects References
Tetrahydrocannabinol graphic file with name ijms-22-05671-i001.jpg Anti-inflammatory, antispastic, analgesic, antineoplastic, antiemetic activity, antipruritic agent, bronchodilator Maayah et al. [12] and Workman et al. [13]
Cannabidiol graphic file with name ijms-22-05671-i002.jpg Anticonvulsant, antipsychotic, analgésic and anti-inflammatory, neuroprotection, antibacterial, antiemetic, anxiolytic, immunomodulator, antidepressant, cytotoxic for some cancer cell lines Maayah et al. [12], Cassano et al. [14], and Alves et al. [15]
Cannabinol graphic file with name ijms-22-05671-i003.jpg Anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anticonvulsant Maayah et al. [12] and Alves et al. [15]
Cannabigerol graphic file with name ijms-22-05671-i004.jpg Analgesic, antifungal, antibacterial, antitumor activity, decreasing intraocular pressure Cassano et al. [14] and Alves et al. [15]
Tetrahydrocannabivarin graphic file with name ijms-22-05671-i005.jpg Anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive, anticonvulsant Maayah et al. [12], Workman et al. [13], and Cassano et al. [14]
Myrcene graphic file with name ijms-22-05671-i006.jpg Anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive, antioxidative Baron [16], Nuutinen [17], and Hwang et al. [18]
β-caryophyllene graphic file with name ijms-22-05671-i007.jpg Anti-inflammatory, anti-convulsive, the astrocyte activation, inhibition of microglia, modulate nociception, neuroprotection, dopaminergic cell protection, addiction and alcohol consumption, feeding behavior, preventing alcohol-induced damage Baron [16], Nuutinen [17], and Aly et al. [19]
Caryophyllene oxide graphic file with name ijms-22-05671-i008.jpg Anticancer, antioxidant, bactericide, and analgesic Baron [16], Nuutinen [17], and Ciftci et al. [20]
Humulene graphic file with name ijms-22-05671-i009.jpg Treatment of depression, insomnia, nervousness, anxiety, delirium, and digestive disorders Baron [16], Nuutinen [17], and Shah et al. [21]
α-Pinene graphic file with name ijms-22-05671-i010.jpg Anti-tumor, anti-allergic bronchodilator, anti-metastatic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anxiolytic, and hypnotic Baron [16], Nuutinen [17], and Kołodziejczyk et al. [22]
β -Pinene graphic file with name ijms-22-05671-i011.jpg Treatment of cancer, diabetes, atherosclerosis, and obesity Baron [16], Nuutinen [17], and Guzmán-Gutiérrez et al. [23]
Linalool graphic file with name ijms-22-05671-i012.jpg Antioxidative, anti-nociceptive, neuroprotective, anticonvulsant, anti-inflammatory, sedative, anti-microbial, anti-depressant, hepatoprotective, anti-tumor Baron [16], Nuutinen [17], and Jana et al. [24]
Limonene graphic file with name ijms-22-05671-i013.jpg Anti-tumor, anticancer, ameliorate depression, stress, inflammation, viral infections, and spasms Baron [16], Nuutinen [17], and Srividya et al. [25]
Perillyl alcohol graphic file with name ijms-22-05671-i014.jpg Anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antioxidant, anti-tumor, nociceptive, antifungal, hepatoprotective, anti-parasitic Baron [16], Nuutinen [17], and Faria et al. [26]
Terpinolene graphic file with name ijms-22-05671-i015.jpg Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-nociceptive Baron [16], Nuutinen [17], and Zhao et al. [27]
γ-Terpinene graphic file with name ijms-22-05671-i016.jpg Anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory Baron [16], Nuutinen [17], and Castro et al. [28]
α -Terpinene graphic file with name ijms-22-05671-i017.jpg Antioxidant and antibiotic Baron [16], Nuutinen [17], and de Oliveira et al. [29]
Terpineol graphic file with name ijms-22-05671-i018.jpg Anticancer, spasmolytic, anti-tumorigenic, antibiotic, anti-inflammatory, anticonvulsant, treatment of spasms, neurological damages, pain, and asthma Baron [16], Nuutinen [17], and Vieira et al. [30]
Geraniol graphic file with name ijms-22-05671-i019.jpg Treatment of depression, cancer, cardiac dysfunction, pain, colitis, neuropathy, atherosclerosis, allergic asthma, inflammation, tissue injuries, PD, and diabetes. Baron [16], Nuutinen [17], and Lira et al. [31]
Nerolidol graphic file with name ijms-22-05671-i020.jpg Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, sedative, fungicide, anxiolytic, bactericide, anti-parasitic, antidepressant, and antinociceptive. Baron [16], Nuutinen [17], and Barros Silva Soares de Souza et al. [32]
Borneol graphic file with name ijms-22-05671-i021.jpg DNA preserving, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, antioxidant, and anti-nociceptive. Baron [16], Nuutinen [17], and Yang et al. [33]
α -Bisabolol graphic file with name ijms-22-05671-i022.jpg Anti-parasitic, anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive, anticancer, antibiotic, anti-tumor, and anti-apoptotic. Baron [16], Nuutinen [17], and Xu et al. [34]
Bisabolenes graphic file with name ijms-22-05671-i023.jpg Anti-bacterial, anticancer, anti-convulsive, and anti-tumor. Baron [16], Nuutinen [17], and Gogineni et al. [35]
β -elemene graphic file with name ijms-22-05671-i024.jpg Anti-inflammatory, treatment of cancer, liver fibrosis, atherosclerosis, and MS. Baron [16], Nuutinen [17], and Tong et al. [36]
Fenchone graphic file with name ijms-22-05671-i025.jpg Antimicrobial, anticancer, and anti-tumor. Baron [16], Nuutinen [17], and Müller et al. [37]
Pulegone graphic file with name ijms-22-05671-i026.jpg Antimicrobial, anticancer, and anti-tumor. Baron [16], Nuutinen [17], and Yang et al. [33]
α -Phellandrene graphic file with name ijms-22-05671-i027.jpg Pro-apoptotic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-depressive, immunomodulatory, and anti-nociceptive. Baron [16], Nuutinen [17], and de Christo Scherer et al. [38]
β -eudesmol graphic file with name ijms-22-05671-i028.jpg Anti-convulsant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer. Baron [16], Nuutinen [17], and Kotawong et al. [39]